{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:12:32Z","timestamp":1790251952039,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2020-ZJ-956Q"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-ZJ-956Q"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the National key R & D projects","award":["2017YFC0909900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0909900"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Parasit."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>At present, the chemotherapy for alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is mainly based on albendazole (ABZ). However, more than 20% of patients fail chemotherapy. Therefore, new and more effective treatments are urgently needed. Allicin has been reported to have antibacterial and antiparasitic effects. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> efficacy of allicin against <jats:italic>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The effects of allicin on protoscolex survival and structural changes were evaluated <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. The 4-week-old BALB\/c male mice used for <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> modelling underwent inoculation of <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic> protoscoleces by intraperitoneal injection, followed by intragastric administration of allicin for 6\u00a0weeks. Then, the effects of allicin on lymphocyte subsets, metacestode growth and host tissue matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2)\/MMP9 expression around metacestodes in mice were evaluated. The toxicity of allicin was further evaluated <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Att 40\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL, allicin showed a killing effect on protoscoleces <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and treatment resulted in the destruction of protoscolex structure. Molecular docking showed that allicin could form hydrogen bonds with <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic> cysteine enzymes. After 6\u00a0weeks of <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> allicin treatment, the spleen index of mice was increased and the weight of metacestodes was reduced. Allicin increased the proportion of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells and decreased the proportion of CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in the peripheral blood and spleen. Pathological analysis of the metacestodes showed structural disruption of the germinal and laminated layers after allicin treatment. In addition, allicin inhibited the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in metacestode-surrounding host tissues. At 160\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL, allicin had no significant toxicity to normal hepatocytes but could inhibit hepatoma cell proliferation. At 30\u00a0mg\/kg, allicin had no significant hepatorenal toxicity <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These results suggest that allicin exerts anti-<jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic> effects <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and can enhance immune function in mice, with the potential to be developed as a lead compound against echinococcosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00434-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T07:03:36Z","timestamp":1623999816000},"page":"79-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Evaluation of Allicin Against Alveolar Echinococcosis In Vitro and in a Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Chuanchuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haining","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4940-9697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ri-li","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"434_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-016-1115-0","volume":"10","author":"S Spahn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Spahn S, Helmchen B, Zingg U (2016) Alveolar echinococcosis of the right adrenal gland: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 10:325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13256-016-1115-0","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"434_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5152\/eurasianjmed.2015.15003","volume":"48","author":"G Atalan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Atalan G, Sivrioglu AK, S\u00f6nmez G, Celik M, Simsek B (2016) A case of alveolar echinococcosis presenting as cerebral and spinal intradural metastases. Eurasian J Med 48:149\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/eurasianjmed.2015.15003","journal-title":"Eurasian J Med"},{"key":"434_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2017.09.007","volume":"99","author":"R Sade","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sade R, Kantarci M, Ogul H, Gundogdu B, Ayd\u0131nl\u0131 B (2018) Differentiation between hepatic alveolar echinococcosis and primary hepatic malignancy with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Diagn Interv Imaging 99:169\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diii.2017.09.007","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging"},{"key":"434_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2873-x","volume":"11","author":"X Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang X, Liu J, Zuo Q, Mu Z, Weng X, Sun X, Wang J, Boufana B, Craig PS, Giraudoux P, Raou F, Wang Z (2018) Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus shiquicus in a small mammal community on the eastern Tibetan Plateau: host species composition, molecular prevalence, and epidemiological implications. Parasit Vectors 11:302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-018-2873-x","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"434_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4925","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i16.4925","volume":"21","author":"T Graeter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Graeter T, Ehing F, Oeztuerk S, Mason RA, Haenle MM, Kratzer W, Seufferlein T, Gruener B (2015) Hepatobiliary complications of alveolar echinococcosis: a long-term follow-up study. World J Gastroenterol 21:4925\u20134932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v21.i16.4925","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"434_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2017.04.032","volume":"36","author":"R Pohnan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pohnan R, Ryska M, Hytych V, Matej R, Hrabal P, Pudil J (2017) Echinococcosis mimicking liver malignancy: a case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 36:55\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijscr.2017.04.032","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"434_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2016.09.094","volume":"35","author":"C Du","year":"2016","unstructured":"Du C, Liu Z, Yang X, Yan L, Bo Li, Wen T, Yang J, Xu M, Chen Z, Wang W (2016) Hepatectomy for patients with alveolar echinococcosis: long-term follow-up observations of 144 cases. Int J Surg 35:147\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijsu.2016.09.094","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"434_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390802145344","volume":"49","author":"MS Butt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Butt MS, Sultan MT, Butt MS, Iqbal J (2009) Garlic: nature\u2019s protection against physiological threats. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 49:538\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408390802145344","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"434_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12591","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules190812591","volume":"19","author":"J Borlinghaus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Borlinghaus J, Albrecht F, Gruhlke MC, Nwachukwu ID, Slusarenko AJ (2014) Allicin: chemistry and biological properties. Molecules 19:12591\u201312618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules190812591","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"434_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117513","volume":"249","author":"FJM Mar\u00f3n","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mar\u00f3n FJM, Camargo AB, Manucha W (2020) Allicin pharmacology: common molecular mechanisms against neuroinflammation and cardiovascular diseases. Life Sci 249:117513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117513","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"434_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.08.004","volume":"21","author":"JP Anthony","year":"2005","unstructured":"Anthony JP, Fyfe L, Smith H (2005) Plant active components\u2014a resource for antiparasitic agents. Trends Parasitol 21:462\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2005.08.004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"434_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/2156587215623126","volume":"22","author":"M Foroutan-Rad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foroutan-Rad M, Tappeh KH, Khademvatan S (2017) Antileishmanial and immunomodulatory activity of Allium sativum (garlic): a review. J Evid Based Complement Altern Med 22:141\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2156587215623126","journal-title":"J Evid Based Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"434_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1590\/s0036-46652011000300007","volume":"53","author":"MM Mantawy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mantawy MM, Ali HF, Rizk MZ (2011) Therapeutic effects of Allium sativum and Allium cepa in Schistosoma mansoni experimental infection. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 53:155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0036-46652011000300007","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"434_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.10.2286","volume":"41","author":"S Ankri","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ankri S, Miron T, Rabinkov A, Wilchek M, Mirelman D (1997) Allicin from garlic strongly inhibits cysteine proteinases and cytopathic effects of Entamoeba histolytica. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:2286\u20132288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.41.10.2286","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"434_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.5.1731-1737.2006","volume":"50","author":"A Coppi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Coppi A, Cabinian M, Mirelman D, Sinnis P (2006) Antimalarial activity of allicin, a biologically active compound from garlic cloves. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:1731\u20131737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.50.5.1731-1737.2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"434_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.02.034","volume":"218","author":"UE Odoh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Odoh UE, Uzor PF, Eze CL, Akunne TC, Onyegbulam CM, Osadebe PO (2018) Medicinal plants used by the people of Nsukka Local Government Area, south-eastern Nigeria for the treatment of malaria: an ethnobotanical survey. J Ethnopharmacol 218:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2018.02.034","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"434_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.3.716S","volume":"136","author":"H Amagase","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amagase H (2006) Clarifying the real bioactive constituents of garlic. J Nutr 136:716S-725S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/136.3.716S","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"434_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2010.07.062","volume":"20","author":"T Waag","year":"2010","unstructured":"Waag T, Gelhaus C, Rath J, Stich A, Leippe M, Schirmeister T (2010) Allicin and derivates are cysteine protease inhibitors with antiparasitic activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 20:5541\u20135543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bmcl.2010.07.062","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"434_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.3.1075S","volume":"131","author":"E Kyo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kyo E, Uda N, Kasuga S, Itakura Y (2001) Immunomodulatory effects of aged garlic extract. J Nutr 131:1075S\u2013S1079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/131.3.1075S","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"434_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2006.0124","volume":"27","author":"M Bhattacharyya","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya M, Girish GV, Karmohapatra SK, Samad SA, Sinha AK (2007) Systemic production of IFN-alpha by garlic (Allium sativum) in humans. J Interferon Cytokine Res 27:377\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jir.2006.0124","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"434_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-268","volume":"11","author":"Y Feng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Feng Y, Zhu X, Wang Q, Jiang Y, Shan H, Cui L, Cao Y (2012) Allicin enhances host pro-inflammatory immune responses and protects against acute murine malaria infection. Malar J 11:268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-11-268","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"434_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7104","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b02763","volume":"64","author":"S Panyod","year":"2016","unstructured":"Panyod S, Wu WK, Ho CT, Lu K, Liu C, Chu Y, Lai Y, Chen W, Lin Y, Lin S, Sheen L (2016) Diet supplementation with allicin protects against alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice by improving anti-inflammation and antioxidative functions. J Agric Food Chem 64:7104\u20137113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b02763","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"434_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.12907","volume":"89","author":"S Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao S, Zhu J, Xu L, Jin J (2017) Theoretical studies on the selective mechanisms of GSK3\u03b2 and CDK2 by molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations. Chem Biol Drug Des 89:846\u2013855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cbdd.12907","journal-title":"Chem Biol Drug Des"},{"key":"434_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2011.01.008","volume":"27","author":"A D\u00edaz","year":"2011","unstructured":"D\u00edaz A, Casaravilla C, Allen JE, Sim RB, Ferreira AM (2011) Understanding the laminated layer of larval Echinococcus II: immunology. Trends Parasitol 27:264\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2011.01.008","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"434_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3653-y","volume":"12","author":"Y Shi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shi Y, Wan X, Wang Z, Li J, Jiang Z, Yang Y (2019) First description of Echinococcus ortleppi infection in China. Parasit Vectors 12:398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3653-y","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"434_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.21614\/chirurgia.114.4.524","volume":"114","author":"Y Asenov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Asenov Y, Akin M, Ibi\u015f C, Tekant Y, \u00d6zden I (2019) Observed or predicted albendazole hepatotoxicity as an indication for a resection procedure in hepatic hydatid disease\u2014a short series of cases. Chirurgia (Bucur) 114:522\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21614\/chirurgia.114.4.524","journal-title":"Chirurgia (Bucur)"},{"key":"434_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.02.002","volume":"198","author":"GVU Gamboa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gamboa GVU, Pensel PE, Elissondo MC, Bruni SFS, Benoit JP, Palma SD, Allemandi DA (2019) Albendazole-lipid nanocapsules: optimization, characterization and chemoprophylactic efficacy in mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus. Exp Parasitol 198:79\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.02.002","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"434_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5849-z","volume":"117","author":"N Torabi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Torabi N, Dobakhti F, Faghihzadeh S, Haniloo A (2018) In Vitro and in vivo effects of chitosan-praziquantel and chitosan-albendazole nanoparticles on Echinococcus granulosus metacestodes. Parasitol Res 117:2015\u20132023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-018-5849-z","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"434_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.70.3.1168-1174.2002","volume":"70","author":"BJ Manfras","year":"2002","unstructured":"Manfras BJ, Reuter S, Wendland T, Kern P (2002) Increased activation and oligoclonality of peripheral CD8(+) T cells in the chronic human helminth infection alveolar echinococcosis. Infect Immun 70:1168\u20131174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.70.3.1168-1174.2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"434_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11703-1","volume":"7","author":"C Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang C, Shao Y, Yang S, Bi X, Li L, Wang H, Yang N, Li Z, Sun C, Li L, L\u00fc G, Aji T, Vuitton DA, Lin R, Wen H (2017) T-cell tolerance and exhaustion in the clearance of Echinococcus multilocularis: role of inoculum size in a quantitative hepatic experimental model. Sci Rep 7:11153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-11703-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"434_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05135-y","volume":"20","author":"X Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma X, Zhang X, Liu J et al (2020) The correlations between Th1 and Th2 cytokines in human alveolar echinococcosis. BMC Infect Dis 20:414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-020-05135-y","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"434_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0596-9","volume":"49","author":"Y Luo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luo Y, Zhang G, Liu X, Yuan M, Qi G, Gao H, Ke L, Zhang X, Shi Y, Ma X, Zhang L, Dong K (2018) Therapeutic and immunoregulatory effects of water-soluble alkaloids E2-a from Sophora moorcroftiana seeds as a novel potential agent against echinococcosis in experimentally protoscolex-infected mice. Vet Res 49:100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-018-0596-9","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"434_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1997.d01-162.x","volume":"19","author":"I Emery","year":"1997","unstructured":"Emery I, Liance M, Leclerc C (1997) Secondary Echinococcus multilocularis infection in A\/J mice: delayed metacestode development is associated with Th1 cytokine production. Parasite Immunol 19:493\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1997.d01-162.x","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"434_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.05.016","volume":"226","author":"M Yuan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yuan M, Luo Y, Xin Q, Gao H, Zhang G, Jing T (2016) Efficacy of osthole for Echinococcus granulosus in vitro and Echinococcus multilocularis in vivo. Vet Parasitol 226:38\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.05.016","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"434_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i24.3674","volume":"10","author":"DZ Shi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shi DZ, Li FR, Bartholomot B, Vuitton DA, Craig PS (2004) Serum sIL-2R, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in alveolar echinococcosis. World J Gastroenterol 10:3674\u20133676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v10.i24.3674","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"434_CR36","first-page":"366","volume":"24","author":"Z Rui","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rui Z, Jing T (2006) An approach to the mechanism of matrine and albendazole against. Chin J Parasit Dis 24:366\u2013369","journal-title":"Chin J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"434_CR37","first-page":"43","volume":"22","author":"X Wei","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wei X, Ding J, Xu Y, Wen H, Lin R (2004) Change of cytokines in mice with Echinococcus multilocularis infection. Chin J Parasit Dis 22:43\u201346","journal-title":"Chin J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"434_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12596","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12596","volume":"40","author":"J Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang J, Jebbawi F, Bellanger AP, Beldi G, Millon L, Gottstein B (2018) Immunotherapy of alveolar echinococcosis via PD-1\/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade in mice. Parasite Immunol 40:e12596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pim.12596","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"434_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00542","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00542-18","volume":"86","author":"J Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang J, Cardoso R, Marreros N, M\u00fcller N, Lundstr\u00f6m-Stadelmann B, Siffert M, Vuitton DA, Bou\u00e9 F, Lin R, Wen H, Gottstein B (2018) Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells as a potential target for immunotherapy against primary infection with Echinococcus multilocularis eggs. Infect Immun 86:e00542-e618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.00542-18","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"434_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991533","volume":"137","author":"N Mejri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mejri N, Hemphill A, Gottstein B (2010) Triggering and modulation of the host-parasite interplay by Echinococcus multilocularis: a review. Parasitology 137:557\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182009991533","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"434_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2017.6129","volume":"14","author":"L Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang L, Song Y, Lian J, Wang Z (2017) Allicin inhibits the invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells by altering tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase\/matrix metalloproteinase balance via reducing the activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase\/AKT signaling. Oncol Lett 14:468\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ol.2017.6129","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"434_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1080\/00015458.2007.11680128","volume":"107","author":"CK Parsak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Parsak CK, Demiryurek HH, Inal M, Sakman G, Koltas IS, Erkocak EU, Korkmaz M, Acarturk TO (2007) Alveolar hydatid disease: imaging findings and surgical approach. Acta Chir Belg 107:572\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00015458.2007.11680128","journal-title":"Acta Chir Belg"},{"key":"434_CR43","first-page":"4","volume":"15","author":"Z Lu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lu Z, Zhang S, Xu B, Peng X (2008) Expression and significance of metalloproteinase and inhibitor of metalloproteinase in the outer wall of hepatic hydatid cyst. Chin J Prim Med Pharm 15:4-6+177","journal-title":"Chin J Prim Med Pharm"},{"key":"434_CR44","first-page":"1031","volume":"16","author":"P Mikaili","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mikaili P, Maadirad S, Moloudizargari M, Aghajanshakeri S, Sarahroodi S (2013) Therapeutic uses and pharmacological properties of garlic, shallot, and their biologically active compounds. Iran J Basic Med Sci 16:1031\u20131048.\u00a0https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24379960\/","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"434_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.09.010","volume":"29","author":"DH El-Kashef","year":"2015","unstructured":"El-Kashef DH, El-Kenawi AE, Suddek GM, Salem HA (2015) Protective effect of allicin against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 29:679\u2013686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.09.010","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"434_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.11.021","volume":"76","author":"N Gedik","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gedik N, Kabasakal L, Sehirli O, Ercan F, Sirvanci S, Keyer-Uysal M, Sener G (2005) Long-term administration of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) alleviates liver fibrosis and oxidative damage induced by biliary obstruction in rats. Life Sci 76:2593\u20132606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.11.021","journal-title":"Life Sci"}],"container-title":["Acta Parasitologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11686-021-00434-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11686-021-00434-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11686-021-00434-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T11:36:59Z","timestamp":1647862619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11686-021-00434-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11686-021-00434-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1230-2821","1896-1851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1230-2821","type":"print"},{"value":"1896-1851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We have no conflicts of interest concerning the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Animal procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee and the Ethical Committee of the Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, China (AF-RHEC-0018-01).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}