{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T03:49:14Z","timestamp":1752551354302},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Parasit."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Accurate identification of medically important intermediate host and vector species is crucial for understanding disease transmission and control. Identifying <jats:italic>Bulinus<\/jats:italic> snails which act as intermediate host species for the transmission of schistosomiasis is typically undertaken using conchological and genital morphology as well as molecular methods.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Here, a landmark-based morphometric analysis of shell morphology was undertaken to determine its utility to distinguish the closely related and morphologically similar sister species <jats:italic>Bulinus senegalensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bulinus forskalii<\/jats:italic>. The method was developed to increase the accuracy of conchological morphology methods to identify <jats:italic>Bulinus<\/jats:italic> species in the field. Both species are found in West Africa, but only <jats:italic>B. senegalensis<\/jats:italic> is implicated in the transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We found when scaled down to the same length, 3-whorl and 4-whorl (juvenile) <jats:italic>B. senegalensis<\/jats:italic> shells had a longer spire, narrower body whorl and shorter aperture than <jats:italic>B. forskalii<\/jats:italic>. In contrast, 5-whorl (adult) <jats:italic>B. senegalensis<\/jats:italic> had a shorter spire, but still had a shorter aperture and narrower body whorl than <jats:italic>B. forskalii<\/jats:italic>. Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) showed minimal overlap between <jats:italic>B. senegalensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. forskalii<\/jats:italic> for 3-whorl and 4-whorl shells, with a clear separation for 5-whorl shells. Overall, <jats:italic>B. senegalensis<\/jats:italic> had a consistently shorter aperture size and narrower body whorl than <jats:italic>B. forskalii<\/jats:italic> for all development stages. Spire length was variable depending on the stage of development, with 3-whorl and 4-whorl shells having the opposite trends of adult shells.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study demonstrates the applicability of landmark-based morphometrics in distinguishing the medically important, <jats:italic>Bulinus senegalensis<\/jats:italic> from its morphologically similar sister species, <jats:italic>Bulinus forskalii<\/jats:italic>. We recommend using measurements based on spire length, penultimate whorl length, body whorl width and aperture size to differentiate <jats:italic>B. senegalensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. forskalii<\/jats:italic>, when used with the appropriate information for each shell\u2019s development stage.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-024-00830-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T15:01:44Z","timestamp":1710860504000},"page":"1016-1026","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Differentiation of Bulinus senegalensis and Bulinus forskalii Snails in West Africa Using Morphometric Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Peter S.","family":"Andrus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ebrima","family":"Joof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Wade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"830_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4002\/040.061.0201","volume":"61","author":"P Bouchet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bouchet P, Rocroi JP, Hausdorf B, Kaim A, Kano Y, N\u00fctzel A, Parkhaev P, Schr\u00f6dl M, Strong EE (2017) Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. 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