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GII mice were orally infected using 10 or 20 ME49 cysts (ME-10 and ME-20), both were subdivided into; non-treated (ME-10-NT and ME-20-NT) and were further subdivided into; <jats:italic>immunocompetent<\/jats:italic> (ME-10-IC and ME-20-IC) [euthanized 3-days, 1, 2, 6 or 8-weeks post-infection (PI)], and <jats:italic>immunosuppressed<\/jats:italic> using two Endoxan<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> injections (ME-10-IS and ME-20-IS) [euthanized 6- or 8-weeks PI], and spiramycin-treated (ME-10-SP and ME-20-SP) that received daily spiramycin, for one-week before euthanasia. GIII mice individually received 2500 intraperitoneal RH strain tachyzoites, then, were subdivided into; non-treated (RH-NT) [euthanized 3 or 5-days PI], and spiramycin-treated (RH-SP) that were euthanized 5 or 10-days PI (refer to the graphical abstract).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Revealed significant upregulation of mmu-miR-511-5p in GII, one-week PI, with gradually increased expression, reaching its maximum 8-weeks PI, especially in ME-20-NT group that received the higher infective dose. Immunosuppression increased the upregulation. Contrarily, treatment caused significant downregulation. GIII recorded significant upregulation 3-days PI, yet, treatment significantly decreased this expression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Serum mmu-miR-511-5p is a sensitive biomarker for early diagnosis of ME49 and RH infection (as early as one-week and 3-days, respectively), and its expression varies according to <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infective dose, duration of infection, spiramycin-treatment and host immune status.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-024-00851-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T07:02:17Z","timestamp":1715670137000},"page":"1253-1266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["MicroRNA mmu-miR-511-5p: A promising Diagnostic Biomarker in Experimental Toxoplasmosis Using Different Strains and Infective Doses in Mice with Different Immune States Before and After Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9164-122X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasha Fadly","family":"Mady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0826-6631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona Mohamed","family":"El-Temsahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6888-7857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmine Amr","family":"Issa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8785-8805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aya Saied","family":"Zaghloul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7657-1764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safaa Ibrahim","family":"Khedr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"851_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.02.004","volume":"39","author":"LM Weiss","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weiss LM, Dubey JP (2009) Toxoplasmosis: A history of clinical observations. 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