{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T15:18:28Z","timestamp":1768317508078,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009367","name":"Mansoura University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Parasit."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The thyroid gland is one of the most vital endocrine organs. It is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of hormones principally triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play a significant role in the functions and the metabolism of the body. The thyroid gland could be affected by several infections, among them <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>. Congenital toxoplasmosis took place when the parasite reached the developing fetus and infected any nucleated cells within it. This study assessed the effect of experimental congenital toxoplasmosis on the thyroid gland structure and function.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We used 34 Wistar rats and allocated them into two groups: normal control group (17 rats) and congenital toxoplasmosis group (17 rats). After euthanasia, the brain and the thyroid gland was assessed through histopathological examination. Thyroid functions examination was performed through measuring the serum levels of T3, thyroxine T4, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Moreover, serum levels of thyroid antibodies [thyroid-peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) and anti-thyroglobulin (TG-Ab)] were examined.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The examination of thyroid tissues of the congenital toxoplasmosis group showed decreased or absent colloid secretion. About 47.1% of follicles showed degeneration with different grades. Parafollicular cells hyperplasia were observed in 23.6% of specimens. The serum concentrations of T3, T4, and TSH were significantly higher in congenital toxoplasmosis group than the control group. The congenital toxoplasmosis group had lower serum concentrations of TPO-Abs than the control group.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These results indicated that congenital <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> infection could result in a central hyperthyroidism state with alteration of thyroid gland structure in offspring.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-024-00969-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T13:59:45Z","timestamp":1737727185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Experimental Congenital Toxoplasmosis on the Thyroid Gland: Histopathological and Immunobiochemical Indices Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Hanan Abd","family":"Elgawad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8261-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manar S.","family":"Elmehankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nairmen","family":"Nabih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heba","family":"Sheta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soha I.","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"969_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-013-1177-2","volume":"36","author":"G Ozguner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ozguner G, Sulak O (2014) Size and location of thyroid gland in the fetal period. Surg Radiol Anat 36:359\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-013-1177-2","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"969_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2014.09.001","volume":"197","author":"Y Takanashi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Takanashi Y, Honkura Y, Rodriguez-Vazquez JF, Murakami G, Kawase T, Katori Y (2015) Pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland and the thyroglossal duct remnant: a study using human fetal sections. Ann Anat 197:29\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aanat.2014.09.001","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"issue":"12","key":"969_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.145615","volume":"144","author":"M Nilsson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nilsson M, Fagman H (2017) Development of the thyroid gland. Development 144(12):2123\u20132140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.145615","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"969_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mense MG, Boorman GA (2018) Thyroid gland. Boorman\u2019s pathology of the rat. Elsevier, pp 669\u2013686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-391448-4.00034-4","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-391448-4.00034-4"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"969_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440601123446","volume":"37","author":"RT Zoeller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zoeller RT, Tan SW, Tyl RW (2007) General background on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPA) axis. Crit Rev Toxicol 37(1\u20132):11\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408440601123446","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"key":"969_CR6","first-page":"429","volume-title":"Junqueira\u2019s basic histology: text & atlas","author":"A Mescher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mescher A (2017) Endocrine glands. Junqueira\u2019s basic histology: text & atlas, 14th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, pp 429\u2013431","edition":"14"},{"issue":"2","key":"969_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.23907\/2016.024","volume":"6","author":"ME Beynon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beynon ME, Pinneri K (2016) An overview of the thyroid gland and thyroid-related deaths for the forensic pathologist. Acad Forensic Pathol 6(2):217\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23907\/2016.024","journal-title":"Acad Forensic Pathol"},{"key":"969_CR8","unstructured":"Bhattacharya S, Kubiha S, Tyagi P (2021) Fungi and endocrine dysfunction. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Corpas E., (Eds). Endotext [internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText. com, Inc. PMID: 34288619. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK572246\/"},{"key":"969_CR9","unstructured":"Ogbera AO, Anaba E (2021) Protozoa and endocrine dysfunction. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Corpas E., (Eds). Endotext [internet]. South Dartmouth (MA);MDText. com, Inc. PMID: 33734654. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK568562\/"},{"key":"969_CR10","unstructured":"Somasundaram NP, Gunatilake SS (2021) Infections in endocrinology: Viruses. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Corpas E., (Eds). Endotext [internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText. com, Inc. PMID: 33734654. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK568565\/"},{"key":"969_CR11","unstructured":"Mannar V, Boro H, Dalvi M, Kaswan RS (2022) Bacterial Infections in Endocrinology. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Corpas E., (Eds). Endotext [internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText. com, Inc. PMID: 35816601. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK581876\/"},{"issue":"6","key":"969_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1319","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1319","volume":"6","author":"H Bisetegn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bisetegn H, Debash H, Ebrahim H, Mahmood N, Gedefie A, Tilahun M, Alemayehu E, Mohammed O, Feleke DG (2023) Global seroprevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii infection among patients with mental and neurological disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Sci Rep 6(6):e1319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.1319","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"969_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen R, jia Peng J, Mohsin M, Huang X, Lin X, Aguilar-Marcelino L, Huang Z, Yin G (2022) Construction and evaluation of the Toxoplasma gondii DNA vaccine targeting dec-205. Pak Vet J 42(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29261\/pakvetj\/2022.020","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2022.020"},{"issue":"3","key":"969_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.09.006","volume":"37","author":"D Dupont","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dupont D, Fricker-Hidalgo H, Brenier-Pinchart M-P, Garnaud C, Wallon M, Pelloux H (2021) Serology for Toxoplasma in immunocompromised patients. Still Useful? Trends Parasitol 37(3):205\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2020.09.006","journal-title":"Still Useful? Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"9","key":"969_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0221709","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221709","volume":"14","author":"C Binquet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Binquet C, Lejeune C, Seror V, Peyron F, Bertaux A-C, Scemama O, Quantin C, B\u00e9jean S, Stillwaggon E, Wallon M (2019) The cost-effectiveness of neonatal versus prenatal screening for congenital toxoplasmosis. PLoS ONE 14(9):e0221709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0221709","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"969_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2020.101814","volume":"49","author":"O Picone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Picone O, Fuchs F, Benoist G, Binquet C, Kieffer F, Wallon M, Wehbe K, Mandelbrot L, Villena I (2020) Toxoplasmosis screening during pregnancy in France: opinion of an expert panel for the CNGOF. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 49(7):101814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jogoh.2020.101814","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"3","key":"969_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1645\/13-427.1","volume":"100","author":"J Dubey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dubey J, Newell T, Verma S, Calero-Bernal R, Stevens E (2014) ToxopGondiigondii infection in llama (Glama glama): Acute visceral disseminated lesions, diagnosis, and development of tissue cysts. J Parasitol 100(3):288\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/13-427.1","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"969_CR18","first-page":"166","volume":"23","author":"D Liu","year":"1994","unstructured":"Liu D, Lin C, Seshan V (1994) AIDS complicated with disseminated toxoplasmosis: a pathological study of 9 autopsy cases. Chin Med J 23(3):166\u2013169","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"969_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118209800300x","volume":"117","author":"W Stahl","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stahl W, Kaneda Y (1998) Impaired thyroid function in murine toxoplasmosis. Parasitology 117(3):217\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s003118209800300x","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"4","key":"969_CR20","first-page":"27","volume":"1","author":"Y Salman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salman Y, Mustafa WG (2014) Correlation between Toxoplasma Gondii and thyroid function hormone levels in sera of patients attending private clinics and laboratories in Kirkuk city. Int J Curr Res Biosci Plant Biol 1(4):27\u201334","journal-title":"Int J Curr Res Biosci Plant Biol"},{"key":"969_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eisa I, Elfaki T, Ahmed A, Khery M, Adam R, Holie M, Elbasheir M (2019) The relationship between people with toxoplasmosis and changes in thyroid hormone levels between 2017 and 2018, Khartoum, Sudan. Merit Res J Med Med Sci. 7(9): 308\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3461105","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.3461105"},{"issue":"2","key":"969_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.07.013","volume":"8","author":"R Tozzoli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tozzoli R, Barzilai O, Ram M, Villalta D, Bizzaro N, Sherer Y, Shoenfeld Y (2008) Infections and autoimmune thyroid diseases: parallel detection of antibodies against pathogens with proteomic technology. Autoimmun Rev 8(2):112\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.07.013","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"969_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e110878","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110878","volume":"9","author":"\u0160 Ka\u0148kov\u00e1","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ka\u0148kov\u00e1 \u0160, Prochazkova L, Flegr J, Calda P, Springer D, Potlukova E (2014) Effects of latent toxoplasmosis on autoimmune thyroid diseases in pregnancy. PLoS ONE 9(10):e110878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0110878","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"969_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Murad MA, Eassa SH (2023) Detection of toxoplasmosis in association with autoimmune thyroid disease during pregnancy in Duhok, Iraq. J Pure Appl Microbiol 17(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22207\/JPAM.17.2.05","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.17.2.05"},{"issue":"2","key":"969_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.14202\/IJOH.2023.43-48","volume":"9","author":"MA Murad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murad MA, Eassa SH, Hewl\u00ear K (2023) Potential role of latent toxoplasmosis in inducing thyroid disorders with relevance to autoimmune thyroid disease and interleukin-33 level during pregnancy. Int J One Health 9(2):43\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/IJOH.2023.43-48","journal-title":"Int J One Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"969_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4025\/actascibiolsci.v31i2.796","volume":"31","author":"EYY Sugauara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sugauara EYY, Sant\u2019Ana DMG, da Silva AV, de Souza EA, de Almeida Ara\u00fajo EJ (2009) Hypertrophy of the neurons in the ileum of rats infected with cysts of Toxoplasma Gondii (genotype II). Acta Sci Health Sci 31(2):195\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4025\/actascibiolsci.v31i2.796","journal-title":"Acta Sci Health Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"969_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2018-0098","volume":"63","author":"M Sharif","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharif M, Faridnia R, Sarvi S, Gholami S, Kalani H, Daryani A (2018) Evaluating of Wistar rat and BALB\/c mouse as animal models for congenital, cerebral and ocular toxoplasmosis. Acta Parasitol 63(4):808\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ap-2018-0098","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"969_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4450-0","volume":"19","author":"C Alvarado-Esquivel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alvarado-Esquivel C, Ramos-Nevarez A, Guido-Arreola CA, Cerrillo-Soto SM, P\u00e9rez-\u00c1lamos AR, Estrada-Mart\u00ednez S, Gutierrez-Martinez VD, Sifuentes-Alvarez A, Ram\u00edrez-Valles EG, Contreras-Cisneros E (2019) Association between Toxoplasma Gondii infection and thyroid dysfunction: a case-control seroprevalence study. BMC Infect Dis 19(1):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-019-4450-0","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"969_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01690096","volume":"15","author":"F Araujo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Araujo F, Suzuki Y, Remington J (1996) Use of rifabutin in combination with atovaquone, clindamycin, pyrimethamine, or sulfadiazine for treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in mice. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 15(5):394\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01690096","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"969_CR30","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"R Abdel Wahab","year":"1989","unstructured":"Abdel Wahab R, Morsy T, Bahgat A, Abdel Rahim M, Essa M, Al Alfy Y (1989) The histopathological picture of concomitant infection with Leishmania major and Toxoplasma Gondii in albino mice. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 19(1):1\u201312","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"969_CR31","first-page":"16","volume":"36","author":"C Kittas","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kittas C, Henry L (1979) Effect of sex hormones on the immune system of Guinea-pigs and on the development of toxoplasmic lesions in non-lymphoid organs. Clin Exp Immunol 36(1):16","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"969_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.020522597","volume":"97","author":"P Caturegli","year":"2000","unstructured":"Caturegli P, Hejazi M, Suzuki K, Dohan O, Carrasco N, Kohn L, Rose NR (2000) Hypothyroidism in transgenic mice expressing IFN-\u03b3 in the thyroid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97(4):1719\u20131724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.020522597","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"969_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2015.54869","volume":"11","author":"H Kertmen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kertmen H, G\u00fcrer B, Yilmaz ER, Kanat MA, Arikok AT, Erg\u00fcder BI, Hasturk AE, Ergil J, Sekerci Z (2015) Antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of darbepoetin-\u03b1 against traumatic brain injury in rats. Arch Med Sci 11(5):1119\u20131128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/aoms.2015.54869","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"969_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.21608\/ejh.2019.6757.1055","volume":"42","author":"HK Mohamed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohamed HK, Rateb A (2019) Histoloical and biochemichal study on the toxic effects of bisphenol a on the thyroid gland of adult male albino rats and the possible protection by selenium. Egypt J Histol 42(3):667\u2013685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/ejh.2019.6757.1055","journal-title":"Egypt J Histol"},{"key":"969_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042511","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1042511","volume":"13","author":"W Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang W, Zhang B-T, Jiang Q-L, Zhao H-Q, Xu Q, Zeng Y, Xu J-Y, Jiang J (2022) Leptin receptor antagonist attenuates experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in mice by regulating Treg\/Th17 cell differentiation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 13:1042511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.1042511","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"12","key":"969_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021001013","volume":"148","author":"J Dubey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dubey J, Murata F, Cerqueira-C\u00e9zar C, Kwok O, Villena I (2021) Congenital toxoplasmosis in humans: an update of worldwide rate of congenital infections. Parasitology 148(12):1406\u20131416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182021001013","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"969_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gomes AF, Barbosa HS (2017) Congenital toxoplasmosis: In vivo impact of Toxoplasma gondii infection on myogenesis and neurogenesis. Akyar I Toxoplasmosis London: IntechOpen, pp 55\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.68619","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.68619"},{"key":"969_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577384","volume":"348","author":"AE Saad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saad AE, Ashour DS, Dawood LM, El-Shorbagy SH (2020) Age-related changes in cerebral congenital toxoplasmosis: histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. J Neuroimmunol 348:577384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577384","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"969_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.03.009","volume":"12","author":"M Gulinello","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gulinello M, Acquarone M, Kim JH, Spray DC, Barbosa HS, Sellers R, Tanowitz HB, Weiss LM (2010) Acquired infection with Toxoplasma Gondii in adult mice results in sensorimotor deficits but normal cognitive behavior despite widespread brain pathology. Microbes Infect 12(7):528\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.03.009","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"969_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dupont CD, Christian DA, Hunter CA Immune response and immunopathology during toxoplasmosis. Semin Immunopathol. 34(6): 793\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00281-012-0339-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0339-3"},{"key":"969_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Graus F, Saiz A, and Dalmau J (2010) Antibodies and neuronal autoimmune disorders of the CNS. J Neurol. 257: 509\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-009-5431-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5431-9"},{"issue":"8","key":"969_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70710-8","volume":"14","author":"T Strunk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Strunk T, Inder T, Wang X, Burgner D, Mallard C, Levy O (2014) Infection-induced inflammation and cerebral injury in preterm infants. Lancet Infect Dis 14(8):751\u2013762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70710-8","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"969_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nayeri T, Sarvi S, Daryani A (2024) Effective factors in the pathogenesis of Toxoplasma Gondii. Heliyon 10(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e31558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e31558"},{"key":"969_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3343-y","volume":"18","author":"AI Egorov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Egorov AI, Converse R, Griffin SM, Styles J, Klein E, Sams E, Hudgens E, Wade TJ (2018) Environmental risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infections and the impact of latent infections on allostatic load in residents of central North Crolina. BMC Infect Dis 18:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3343-y","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"969_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05882-6","volume":"21","author":"AI Egorov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Egorov AI, Converse RR, Griffin SM, Styles JN, Sams E, Hudgens E, Wade TJ (2021) Latent Toxoplasma gondii infections are associated with elevated biomarkers of inflammation and vascular injury. BMC Infect Dis 21:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-05882-6","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"969_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0156255","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156255","volume":"11","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Ferreira LR, Alsaad M, Verma SK, Alves DA, Holland GN, McConkey GA (2016) Experimental toxoplasmosis in rats induced orally with eleven strains of Toxoplasma Gondii of seven genotypes: tissue tropism, tissue cyst size, neural lesions, tissue cyst rupture without reactivation, and ocular lesions. PLoS ONE 11(5):e0156255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0156255","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"969_CR47","unstructured":"Sellami H, Muhammed HA, Masmoudi H, Elloumi N, Alkardhi IK (2023) Immunological assay and histopathological study of Toxoplasma Gondii in experimental male rats. Al-Qadisiyah J Veterinary Med Sci 22(2)"},{"issue":"2","key":"969_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2010.017","volume":"57","author":"J Lindov\u00e1","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lindov\u00e1 J, Kub\u011bna AA, \u0160turcov\u00e1 H, K\u0159ivohlav\u00e1 R, Novotn\u00e1 M, Rube\u0161ov\u00e1 A, Havl\u00ed\u010dek J, Kodym P, Flegr J (2010) Pattern of money allocation in experimental games supports the stress hypothesis of gender differences in Toxoplasma Gondii-induced behavioural changes. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 57(2):136\u2013142","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol (Praha)"},{"key":"969_CR49","unstructured":"Ibrahim NIH, Nada SMM, Ahmed M, Salama M, El-Rahman A EM (2023) Overview about oxidative stress in toxoplasmosis. European chemical bulletin. 12(1): 307\u2013321."},{"key":"969_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szewczyk-Golec K, Paw\u0142owska M, Weso\u0142owski R, Wr\u00f3blewski M, and Mila-Kierzenkowska C (2021) Oxidative stress as a possible target in the treatment of toxoplasmosis: Perspectives and ambiguities. Int J Mol Sci. 22(11): 5705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22115705","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115705"},{"key":"969_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamed A, El-Mesidy M, Elsebaei E, Mahfoz A, Abdeltawab M (2020) Investigation of the effect of latent toxoplasmosis on oxidative stress in acne vulgaris patients. Parasitol. United J. 13(3): 158\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/puj.2020.44071.1088","DOI":"10.21608\/puj.2020.44071.1088"},{"key":"969_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Iglesias P and Diez J (2009) Thyroid dysfunction and kidney disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 160(4): 503\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-08-0837","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0837"},{"key":"969_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alghamdi B (2018) The neuroprotective role of melatonin in neurological disorders. J Neurosci Res. 96(7): 1136\u20131149.. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.24220","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24220"},{"issue":"8","key":"969_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01069-y","volume":"55","author":"E Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee E, Song C-H, Bae S-J, Ha K-T, Karki R (2023) Regulated cell death pathways and their roles in homeostasis, infection, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Exp Mol Med 55(8):1632\u20131643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-023-01069-y","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"969_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hassanin KM, El-Kawi SHA, Hashem KS (2013) The prospective protective effect of selenium nanoparticles against chromium-induced oxidative and cellular damage in rat thyroid. Int J Nanomed 1713\u20131720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJN.S42736","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S42736"},{"issue":"2","key":"969_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2018.0073","volume":"78","author":"FA Gawad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gawad FA, El-Shaarawy EAA, Arsanyos S, Abd El-Galil T, Awes G (2019) Can constant light exposure affect the thyroid gland in prepubertal male albino rats? Histological and ultrastructural study. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 78(2):297\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/FM.a2018.0073","journal-title":"Folia Morphol (Warsz)"},{"issue":"3","key":"969_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.01044.x","volume":"214","author":"I Mart\u00edn-Lacave","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Lacave I, Borrero MJ, Utrilla JC, Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010Santos JM, De Miguel M, Morillo J, Guerrero JM, Garc\u00eda\u2010Mar\u00edn R, Conde E (2009) C cells evolve at the same rhythm as follicular cells when thyroidal status changes in rats. J Anat 214(3):301\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.01044.x","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"969_CR58","unstructured":"Pirahanchi Y, Tariq MA, Jialal I (2023) Physiology, thyroid. StatPearls [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519566\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"969_CR59","first-page":"1122","volume":"2","author":"K Babu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Babu K, Jayaraaj IA, Prabhakar J (2011) Effect of abnormal thyroid hormone changes in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant imbalance in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients. Int J Biol Med Res 2(4):1122\u20131126","journal-title":"Int J Biol Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"969_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.22401\/JNUS.19.4.16","volume":"19","author":"MB Al-Khamesi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Khamesi MB (2016) Effect of toxoplasmosis on lipid profile and thyroid hormones in aborted women. Nahrain j sci 19(4):122\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22401\/JNUS.19.4.16","journal-title":"Nahrain j sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"969_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.15789\/2220-7619-ROT-1772","volume":"12","author":"G Valizadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Valizadeh G, Khamseh M-E, Kashaniyan M, Rafiei-Sefiddashti R, Hadighi R (2022) Role of Toxoplasma Gondii in thyroiditis in pregnant women. Russian J Infect Immun 12(5):947\u2013952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15789\/2220-7619-ROT-1772","journal-title":"Russian J Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"969_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.01.001","volume":"39","author":"Y Shapira","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Selmi C, Petr\u00edkov\u00e1 J, Barzilai O, Ram M, Bizzaro N, Valentini G, Matucci-Cerinic M, Anaya J-M (2012) Prevalence of anti-toxoplasma antibodies in patients with autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 39(1\u20132):112\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.01.001","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"969_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raissi V, Alizadeh G, Bayat F, Akhlaghi E, Getso M, Raiesi O, Abdollahi A, Ibrahim A, Akbari S, Navi Z (2021) Association between T3, T4, and TSH hormones proportion and Toxoplasma Gondii anti-IgG seroprevalence in patients suffering from clinical and drug-controlled thyroid dysfunctions in southeastern Iran. Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg 78(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5505\/TurkHijyen.2021.95825","DOI":"10.5505\/TurkHijyen.2021.95825"},{"key":"969_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang X, Li Q, Hu P, Cheng H, Huang G (2002) Two case reports of pituitary adenoma associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection. J Clin Pathol. 55(12): 965\u2013966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.55.12.965","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.55.12.965"},{"key":"969_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spada E, Proverbio D, Giudice C, DiGiancamillo M, Lodi M, and Perego R (2010) Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and generalised toxoplasmosis in a cat with neurological signs. J Feline Med Surg. 12(8): 654\u2013658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.01.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.01.014"},{"issue":"10","key":"969_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00217-16","volume":"84","author":"F Ihara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ihara F, Nishimura M, Muroi Y, Mahmoud ME, Yokoyama N, Nagamune K, Nishikawa Y (2016) ToxopGondiigondii infection in mice impairs long-term fear memory consolidation through dysfunction of the cortex and amygdala. Infect Immun 84(10):2861\u20132870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.00217-16","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"969_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.074153","volume":"216","author":"GA McConkey","year":"2013","unstructured":"McConkey GA, Martin HL, Bristow GC, Webster JP (2013) ToxopGondiigondii infection and behaviour\u2013location, location. Location? J Exp Biol 216(1):113\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.074153","journal-title":"Location? J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"969_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4149\/bll_2012_016","volume":"113","author":"A Baltaci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baltaci A, Mogulkoc R (2012) Plasma leptin levels in rats with induced Toxoplasma Gondii infection. Bratisl Lek Listy 113(2):67\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4149\/bll_2012_016","journal-title":"Bratisl Lek Listy"},{"issue":"7","key":"969_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI9725","volume":"105","author":"JS Flier","year":"2000","unstructured":"Flier JS, Harris M, Hollenberg AN (2000) Leptin, nutrition, and the thyroid: the why, the wherefore, and the wiring. J Clin Invest 105(7):859\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI9725","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"46","key":"969_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36124","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M003549200","volume":"275","author":"EA Nillni","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nillni EA, Vaslet C, Harris M, Hollenberg A, Bj\u00f8rb\u00e6k C, Flier JS (2000) Leptin regulates prothyrotropin-releasing hormone biosynthesis: evidence for direct and indirect pathways. J Biol Chem 275(46):36124\u201336133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M003549200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"969_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930902787716","volume":"42","author":"EE Wasserman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wasserman EE, Nelson K, Rose NR, Rhode C, Pillion JP, Seaberg E, Talor MV, Burek L, Eaton W, Duggan A (2009) Infection and thyroid autoimmunity: a seroepidemiologic study of tpoaab. Autoimmunity 42(5):439\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08916930902787716","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"969_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18855","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75830-y","volume":"10","author":"A Nicoletti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nicoletti A, Cicero CE, Giuliano L, Todaro V, Lo Fermo S, Chisari C, D\u2019Amico E, Paradisi V, Mantella A, Bartoloni A (2020) ToxopGondiigondii and multiple sclerasis: A population-based case\u2013control study. Sci Rep 10(1):18855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-75830-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"969_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-013-8402-2","volume":"56","author":"S Fischer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fischer S, Agmon-Levin N, Shapira Y, Porat Katz B-S, Graell E, Cervera R, Stojanovich L, G\u00f3mez Puerta JA, Sanmart\u00ed R, Shoenfeld Y (2013) ToxopGondiigondii: Bystander or cofactor in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Res 56:287\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12026-013-8402-2","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"969_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3529","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141507","volume":"41","author":"EP Tenorio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tenorio EP, Fern\u00e1ndez J, Castellanos C, Olgu\u00edn JE, Saavedra R (2011) CD4\u2009+\u2009FOXP3\u2009+\u2009regulatory T cells mediate Toxoplasma Gondii-induced T\u2010cell suppression through an IL\u20102\u2010related mechanism but independently of IL\u201010. Eur J Immunol 41(12):3529\u20133541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.201141507","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"969_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2015.7.6.557","volume":"7","author":"Y-I Jeong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jeong Y-I, Hong S-H, Cho S-H, Lee W-J, Lee S-E (2015) Toxoplasma gondii infection suppresses house dust mite extract-induced atopic dermatitis in NC\/Nga mice. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 7(6):557\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4168\/aair.2015.7.6.557","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"969_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zare-Bidaki M, Assar S, Hakimi H, Abdollahi SH, Nosratabadi R, Kennedy D, Arababadi MK (2016) TGf-\u03b2 in toxoplasmosis: friend or foe? Cytokine. 86:29\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.07.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.07.002"},{"issue":"7","key":"969_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1134\/S0362119723070162","volume":"49","author":"E Tipisova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tipisova E, Alikina V, Molodovskaya I, Elfimova A, Zyabisheva V (2023) Relationships between the levels of dopamine, thyroid, and antispermal antibodies in populations of the European and Asian North. Hum Physiol 49(7):830\u2013836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1134\/S0362119723070162","journal-title":"Hum Physiol"}],"container-title":["Acta Parasitologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11686-024-00969-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11686-024-00969-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11686-024-00969-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:24:24Z","timestamp":1741350264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11686-024-00969-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11686-024-00969-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1230-2821","1896-1851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1230-2821","type":"print"},{"value":"1896-1851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the local Institutional Review Board Ethical Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University (Code number: MDP.21.02.58).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional Review Board Statement"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"43"}}