{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T16:31:29Z","timestamp":1754152289258,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018778","name":"Al-Azhar University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Parasit."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effects of <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> soluble egg antigen (SEA) on type 1 diabetes (T1D) in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study examined the effects of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) on type 1 diabetes (T1D) using a mouse model, involving 50 mice divided into three groups: a healthy control group receiving phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), a diabetic control group with STZ-induced T1D also receiving PBS, and a diabetic treated group receiving SEA. Biochemical and immunological analyses were conducted on blood samples collected at four and eight weeks post-treatment to assess metabolic markers like blood glucose and insulin levels, as well as immune markers including TNF-\u03b1, TGF-\u03b2, FOXp3, IL-4, and IL-10.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>SEA treatment induced early immune modulation at four weeks and sustained metabolic and immunological improvements at eight weeks, marked by increased regulatory T cells (elevated FOXp3), activation of immunosuppressive pathways (increased TGF-\u03b2), reduced inflammation (decreased TNF-\u03b1), a shift to an anti-inflammatory Th2 response (elevated IL-4 and IL-10), improved glycemic control, lower blood glucose levels, and higher insulin levels.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>SEA exhibits potential therapeutic effects against T1D by modulating immune responses, promoting Th2 polarization, and increasing regulatory T cell activity. This immunological shift reduces systemic inflammation and enhances glycemic control.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-025-01035-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T09:19:07Z","timestamp":1745918347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Soluble Schistosomal Egg Antigens on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in an Induced Diabetic Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Mohammed Y.","family":"Shakra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morsy R. M.","family":"Geneedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haitham Kh.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moamen A.I.","family":"Mazen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mostafa E.","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"1035_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2022.06.005","volume":"43","author":"N Abdel Aziz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdel Aziz N, Musaigwa F, Mosala P, Berkiks I, Brombacher F (2022) Type 2 immunity: a two-edged sword in schistosomiasis immunopathology. Trends Immunol 43(8):657\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2022.06.005","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"1035_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906338","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.906338","volume":"13","author":"AH Costain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Costain AH, Phythian-Adams AT, Colombo SAP, Marley AK, Owusu C, Cook PC, Brown SL, Webb LM, Lundie RJ, Smits HH, Berriman M, MacDonald AS (2022) Dynamics of host immune response development during schistosoma mansoni infection. Front Immunol 13:906338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.906338","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1035_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mu Y, McManus DP, Hou N, Cai P (2021) Schistosome infection and schistosome-derived products as modulators for the prevention and alleviation of immunological disorders. Front Immunol. 2021;12:619776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.619776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.619776","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.619776"},{"key":"1035_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, Malanda B, Karuranga S, Unwin N, Colagiuri S, Guariguata L, Motala AA, Ogurtsova K, Shaw JE, Bright D, Williams R, IDF Diabetes Atlas Committee (2019) Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 157, 107843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843"},{"issue":"2","key":"1035_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.004","volume":"14","author":"T Bashi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bashi T, Bizzaro G, Ben-Ami Shor D, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y (2015) The mechanisms behind helminth\u2019s Immunomodulation in autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 14(2):98\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.004","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"1035_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni","volume":"20","author":"RM Maizels","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maizels RM, Smits HH, McSorley HJ (2018) Modulation of host immunity by helminths: the expanding repertoire of parasite effector molecules. Immun Nov 20(5):801\u2013818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni20 18. 1 0.016","journal-title":"Immun Nov"},{"issue":"1","key":"1035_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-061121-100742","volume":"44","author":"A Rajamanickam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rajamanickam A, Babu S (2024) Helminth infections and diabetes: mechanisms accounting for risk amelioration. Annu Rev Nutr 44(1):339\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-nutr-061121-100742","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"1035_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tang CL, Liu ZM, Gao YR, Xiong F (2018) Schistosoma Infection and Schistosoma-Derived Products Modulate the Immune Responses Associated with Protection against Type 2 Diabetes. Frontiers in immunology, 8, 1990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01990","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01990"},{"key":"1035_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13410-021-00970-4","volume":"29","author":"LX Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang LX, Gao YR, Pan Q, Tang CL, Zhang RH, Li YH, Zheng CL (2021) Protective effect and mechanism of schistosoma Japonicum soluble egg antigen against type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Int J Diabetes Developing Ctries Jul 29:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13410-021-00970-4","journal-title":"Int J Diabetes Developing Ctries Jul"},{"issue":"11","key":"1035_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23721","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202302576RR","volume":"15","author":"P Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu P, Li W, Xie Y, Guan W, Yang S, Li J, Zhao Y (2024) An insight into the gut microbiota after schistosoma Japonicum eggs immunization in an experimental ulcerative colitis model. FASEB J Jun 15(11):e23721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.202302576RR","journal-title":"FASEB J Jun"},{"key":"1035_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garcia L (2016) Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. ASM Press, Washington, D.C. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/9781555816018","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555816018"},{"issue":"1","key":"1035_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36112-5","volume":"13","author":"AS Amer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amer AS, Othman AA, Dawood LM, El-Nouby KA, Gobert GN, Abou Rayia DM (2023) The interaction of schistosoma mansoni infection with diabetes mellitus and obesity in mice. Sci Rep 13(1):9417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-36112-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1035_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01581-9","volume":"20","author":"H Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang H, Hu D, Chen Z, Xu J, Xu R, Gong Y, Fang Z, Wang T, Chen W (2022) Immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus by adjuvant-free schistosoma japonicum-egg tip-loaded asymmetric microneedle patch (STAMP). J Nanobiotechnol 20(1):377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-022-01581-9","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"1035_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Furman BL (2015) Streptozotocin-Induced diabetic models in mice and rats. Curr Protocols Pharmacol 70:5471\u201354720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/0471141755.ph0547s70","DOI":"10.1002\/0471141755.ph0547s70"},{"issue":"1","key":"1035_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00664-06","volume":"75","author":"KA Saunders","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saunders KA, Raine T, Cooke A, Lawrence CE (2007) Inhibition of autoimmune type 1 diabetes by Gastrointestinal helminth infection. Infect Immun 75(1):397\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.00664-06","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"11","key":"1035_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.17235\/reed.2022.9010\/2022","volume":"115","author":"I Catal\u00e1n-Serra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Catal\u00e1n-Serra I, Ricanek P, Grimstad T (2023) Out of the box new therapeutic strategies for Crohn\u00b4s disease: moving beyond biologics. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 115(11):614\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17235\/reed.2022.9010\/2022","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"issue":"7","key":"1035_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3918","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003099","volume":"186","author":"SA McClymont","year":"2011","unstructured":"McClymont SA, Putnam AL, Lee MR, Esensten JH, Liu W, Hulme MA, Hoffm\u00fcller U, Baron U, Olek S, Bluestone JA, Brusko TM (2011) Plasticity of human regulatory T cells in healthy subjects and patients with type 1 diabetes. J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950) 186(7):3918\u20133926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1003099","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"1035_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01471","volume":"10","author":"CL Tang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang CL, Yu XH, Li Y, Zhang RH, Xie J, Liu ZM (2019) Schistosoma Japonicum soluble egg antigen protects against type 2 diabetes in Lepr Db\/db mice by enhancing regulatory T cells and Th2 cytokines. Front Immunol 10:1471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01471","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1035_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6581","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06663-9","volume":"48","author":"MAS Mughal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mughal MAS, Khan MK, Abbas Z, Abbas RZ, Bajwa HUR, Chatha AK, Imran M, Sindhu ZUD, Abbas A, Zafar A, Nadeem M (2021) Helminth protection against type-1 diabetes: an insight into Immunomodulatory effect of helminth-induced infection. Mol Biol Rep 48(9):6581\u20136588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-021-06663-9","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"1035_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-10811-3_6","volume-title":"Nijkamp and Parnham\u2019s principles of immunopharmacology","author":"B Schirmer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schirmer B, Neumann D (2019) Cytokines. In: Parnham M, Nijkamp F, Rossi A (eds) Nijkamp and Parnham\u2019s principles of immunopharmacology. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-10811-3_6."},{"key":"1035_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zaccone P, Burton OT, Gibbs S, Miller N, Jones FM, Dunne DW, Cooke A (2010) Immune modulation by schistosoma mansoni antigens in NOD mice: effects on both innate and adaptive immune systems. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010:795210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2010\/795210","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/795210"},{"issue":"11","key":"1035_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0669","volume":"62","author":"MC Johnson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Johnson MC, Garland AL, Nicolson SC, Li C, Samulski RJ, Wang B, Tisch R (2013) \u03b2-cell-specific IL-2 therapy increases islet Foxp3\u2009+\u2009Treg and suppresses type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes 62(11):3775\u20133784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db13-0669","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"1035_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1700","volume":"57","author":"M Tritt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tritt M, Sgouroudis E, d\u2019Hennezel E, Albanese A, Piccirillo CA (2008) Functional waning of naturally occurring CD4\u2009+\u2009regulatory T-cells contributes to the onset of autoimmune diabetes. Diabetes 57(1):113\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db06-1700","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1035_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dos Santos Haber JF, Barbalho SM, Sgarbi JA, de Argollo Haber RS, de Labio RW, Laurindo LF, Chagas EFB, Pay\u00e3o, L M (2023) The relationship between type 1 diabetes mellitus, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-10 gene expression. Biomedicines 11(4):1120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines11041120","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11041120"},{"issue":"5","key":"1035_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052719","volume":"22","author":"DI Jang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jang DI, Lee AH, Shin HY, Song HR, Park JH, Kang TB, Lee SR, Yang SH (2021) The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) in autoimmune disease and current TNF-\u03b1 inhibitors in therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 22(5):2719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22052719","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1035_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2673","volume":"32","author":"A Berbudi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berbudi A, Ajendra J, Wardani AP, Hoerauf A, H\u00fcbner MP (2016) Parasitic helminths and their beneficial impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diab\/Metab Res Rev 32(3):238\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmrr.2673","journal-title":"Diab\/Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"1035_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11848","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011848","volume":"5","author":"MA Ruffner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruffner MA, Robbins PD (2010) Dendritic cells transduced to express Interleukin 4 reduce diabetes onset in both normoglycemic and prediabetic Nonobese diabetic mice. PLoS ONE 5(7):e11848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0011848","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"1035_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.71","volume":"6","author":"PK Mishra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mishra PK, Patel N, Wu W, Bleich D, Gause WC (2013) Prevention of type 1 diabetes through infection with an intestinal nematode parasite requires IL-10 in the absence of a Th2-type response. Mucosal Immunol 6(2):297\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mi.2012.71","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"1035_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.03.008","volume":"177","author":"Y Osada","year":"2017","unstructured":"Osada Y, Fujiyama T, Kamimura N, Kaji T, Nakae S, Sudo K, Ishiwata K, Kanazawa T (2017) Dual genetic absence of STAT6 and IL-10 does not abrogate anti-hyperglycemic effects of schistosoma mansoni in streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice. Exp Parasitol 177:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.03.008","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1035_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/helm-2017-0048","volume":"55","author":"M Maruszewska-Cheruiyot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maruszewska-Cheruiyot M, Donskow-\u0141ysoniewska K, Doligalska M (2018) Helminth therapy: advances in the use of parasitic worms against inflammatory bowel diseases and its challenges. Helminthologia 55(1):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/helm-2017-0048","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"1035_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2023.102818","volume":"98","author":"CL Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang CL, Lian Z, Ding FR, Liang J, Li XY (2024) Schistosoma-related molecules as a new strategy to combat type 1 diabetes through immune regulation. Parasitol Int 98:102818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parint.2023.102818","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"1035_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1122","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1122","volume":"9","author":"J Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu J, Liu J, Li L, Lan Y, Liang Y (2020) Cytokines in type 1 diabetes: mechanisms of action and immunotherapeutic targets. Clin Translational Immunol 9(3):e1122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cti2.1122","journal-title":"Clin Translational Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1035_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06511-7","volume":"119","author":"K Yan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yan K, Wang B, Zhou H, Luo Q, Shen J, Xu Y, Zhong Z (2020) Amelioration of type 1 diabetes by Recombinant fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and Cystatin derived from schistosoma Japonicum in a murine model. Parasitol Res 119(1):203\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-019-06511-7","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1035_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.16250\/j.32.1374.2017010","volume":"29","author":"W Huan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huan W, Ya-Jing L, Yan-Ru G, Shu-Hong W, Rui Z, Hui-Fen D (2017) Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi\u2009=\u2009Chinese. J Schistosomiasis Control 29(2):192\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16250\/j.32.1374.2017010","journal-title":"J Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"1035_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.107889","volume":"212","author":"CE Da Silva Filomeno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Da Silva Filomeno CE, Costa-Silva M, Corr\u00eaa CL, Neves RH, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Machado-Silva JR (2020) The acute schistosomiasis mansoni ameliorates metabolic syndrome in the C57BL\/6 mouse model. Exp Parasitol 212:107889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.107889","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"1035_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117863611984993","DOI":"10.1177\/1178636119849934","volume":"12","author":"M Wolde","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wolde M, Berhe N, Medhin G, Chala F, van Die I, Tsegaye A (2019) Inverse associations of schistosoma mansoni infection and metabolic syndromes in humans: A Cross-Sectional study in Northeast Ethiopia. Microbiol Insights 12:1178636119849934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1178636119849934","journal-title":"Microbiol Insights"},{"issue":"3","key":"1035_CR37","first-page":"987","volume":"32","author":"HS El-Wakil","year":"2002","unstructured":"El-Wakil HS, Aboushousha TS, El Haddad O, Gamil NB, Mansour T, El-Said H (2002) Effect of schistosoma mansoni egg deposition on multiple low doses streptozotocin induced insulin dependent diabetes. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 32(3):987\u20131002 PMID: 12512830. http:\/\/europepmc.org\/abstract\/MED\/12512830","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Acta Parasitologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11686-025-01035-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11686-025-01035-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11686-025-01035-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T01:02:48Z","timestamp":1753146168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11686-025-01035-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11686-025-01035-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1230-2821","1896-1851"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1230-2821"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1896-1851"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Research Ethical Committee of the Al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"98"}}