{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:53:44Z","timestamp":1786982024549,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Parasit."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-025-01140-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T10:47:28Z","timestamp":1761648448000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Ovine Toxoplasmosis: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Study in Iraq"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8851-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Aziz J.","family":"Alani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0057-7178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thabit Moath","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1140_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019001367","volume":"147","author":"IE Abbas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abbas IE, Villena I, Dubey JP (2020) A review on toxoplasmosis in humans and animals from Egypt. Parasitology 147(2):135\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182019001367","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1140_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.11.007","volume":"28","author":"ES Al-Malki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Malki ES (2021) Toxoplasmosis: stages of the protozoan life cycle and risk assessment in humans and animals for enhanced awareness and improved socio-economic status. Saudi J Biol Sci 28(1):962\u2013969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.11.007","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1140_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2774.1","volume":"97","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Ferreira LR, Martins J, Jones JL (2011) Sporulation and survival of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in commercial Cat litter. J Parasitol 97(5):751\u2013754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-2774.1","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"1140_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0902-6","volume":"8","author":"Q Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu Q, Wang ZD, Huang SY, Zhu XQ (2015) Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and typing of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasit Vectors 8:292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-015-0902-6","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"1140_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0153856","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153856","volume":"11","author":"S Belluco","year":"2016","unstructured":"Belluco S, Mancin M, Conficoni D, Simonato G, Pietrobelli M, Ricci A (2016) Investigating the determinants of Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in meat: a systematic review and meta-regression. PLoS ONE 11(4):e0153856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0153856","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"1140_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.33762\/bvetr.2009.55147","volume":"8","author":"QT Al-Ubaidi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Al-Ubaidi QT, Al-Naama TI, Al-Saad KDM (2009) Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep in Nineveh governorate, Iraq. Basrah J Vet Res 8(2):1\u20136","journal-title":"Basrah J Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1140_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.30539\/iraqijvm.v37i1.321","volume":"37","author":"D Abdulrazak Abdullah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdulrazak Abdullah D, Altaee AF, Al-Farha FF, Ola-Fadunsin SD, Gimba FI (2023) Serological study of toxoplasmosis in slaughtered animals in mosul, Iraq. Iraqi J Vet Sci 37(1):17\u201323","journal-title":"Iraqi J Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1140_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18805\/IJAR.BF-1849","volume":"59","author":"I Bouasla","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bouasla I, Titi A, Khelifi-Touhami NA, Mekroud A, Ouchene N, Benakhla A (2025) Seroprevalence of sheep toxoplasmosis in Northeastern Algeria and determination of potential risk factors. Indian J Anim Res 59(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18805\/IJAR.BF-1849","journal-title":"Indian J Anim Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1140_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.2180-2185","volume":"15","author":"S Khalife","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khalife S, Moubayed S, Mitri R, El Safadi D (2022) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats in Lebanon. Vet World 15(9):2180\u20132185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2022.2180-2185","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"issue":"11","key":"1140_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.18805\/IJAR.B-4358","volume":"56","author":"D Pandit","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pandit D, Bal MS, Kaur P, Singla LD, Mahajan V, Setia RK (2022) Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in small ruminants of punjab, India. Indian J Anim Res 56(11):1377\u20131383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18805\/IJAR.B-4358","journal-title":"Indian J Anim Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1140_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050605","volume":"10","author":"KLDT Liyanage","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liyanage KLDT, Wiethoelter A, Hufschmid J, Jabbar A (2021) Comparison of ELISAs for detecting Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in animals. Pathogens 10(5):605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10050605","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"6","key":"1140_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2343","volume":"19","author":"M Tagel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tagel M, Lassen B, Viltrop A, Jokelainen P (2019) Large-scale study on Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalence in Estonian sheep. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 19(6):421\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2018.2343","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"1140_CR13","volume-title":"Veterinary epidemiology","author":"M Thrusfield","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thrusfield M (2005) Veterinary epidemiology, 3rd edn. Blackwell Science, Oxford","edition":"3"},{"issue":"6","key":"1140_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1645\/20-82","volume":"106","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Murata FHA, Cerqueira-C\u00e9zar CK, Kwok OCH (2020) Public health significance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in cattle: 2009\u20132020. J Parasitol 106(6):772\u2013778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/20-82","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1140_CR15","first-page":"711","volume":"33","author":"HM Kuraa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kuraa HM, Malek SS (2016) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in ruminants by LAT and ELISA in assiut, Egypt. Trop Biomed 33(4):711\u2013725","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"2","key":"1140_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.33899\/ijvs.2019.126026.1212","volume":"34","author":"LH Al-Taei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Taei LH, Al-Bayati MS (2020) Seroepidemiology and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii on farms in Northern Iraq. Iraqi J Vet Sci 34(2):317\u2013325","journal-title":"Iraqi J Vet Sci"},{"key":"1140_CR17","volume-title":"ID screen toxoplasmosis indirect Multi-species: user manual","author":"IDvet Innovative Diagnostics","year":"2023","unstructured":"IDvet Innovative Diagnostics (2023) ID screen toxoplasmosis indirect multi-species: user manual. IDvet, Grabels (France)"},{"key":"1140_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1434-0","volume":"14","author":"YM Al-Kappany","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Kappany YM, Abbas IE, Devleesschauwer B, Dorny P, Jennes M, Cox E (2018) Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Egyptian sheep and goats. BMC Vet Res 14:120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-018-1434-0","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"1140_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-25","volume":"9","author":"BT Cenci-Goga","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cenci-Goga BT, Ciampelli A, Sechi P, Veronesi F, Moretta I, Cambiotti V et al (2013) Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii in sheep in tuscany, Italy. BMC Vet Res 9:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-9-25","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1140_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/parasitologia1020005","volume":"1","author":"I Hotea","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hotea I, Herman V, T\u00eerziu E, Colibar O, Brudiu I, S\u00eerbu C et al (2021) Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in Romanian small ruminants. Parasitologia 1(2):36\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/parasitologia1020005","journal-title":"Parasitologia"},{"key":"1140_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019006","volume":"26","author":"M Rouatbi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rouatbi M, Amairia S, Amdouni Y, Boussaadoun MA, Ayadi O, Al-Hosary AAT et al (2019) Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in North africa: a review. Parasite 26:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2019006","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"issue":"12","key":"1140_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008004873","volume":"135","author":"H Caballero-Ortega","year":"2008","unstructured":"Caballero-Ortega H, Palma JM, Garc\u00eda-M\u00e1rquez LJ, Gildo-C\u00e1rdenas A, Correa D (2008) Frequency and risk factors for toxoplasmosis in ovines of colima. Mexico Parasitol 135(12):1385\u20131389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182008004873","journal-title":"Mexico Parasitol"},{"key":"1140_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6683797","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6683797","volume":"2021","author":"K Jilo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jilo K, Tegegne D, Kasim S, Dabasa G, Zewdei W (2021) Seroprevalence and public health significance of toxoplasmosis in small ruminants in Southern Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2021:6683797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6683797","journal-title":"Vet Med Int"},{"key":"1140_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.2478\/fv-2020-0007","volume":"64","author":"A Dahmane","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dahmane A, Boussena S, Hafsi F, Ghalmi F (2020) Serological survey and associated risk factors on Toxoplasma gondii infection in goats in Mila district, Algeria. Folia Vet 64:48\u201359","journal-title":"Folia Vet"},{"key":"1140_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04769-4","volume":"14","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dubey JP (2021) Outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans: five decades of personal experience. Parasites Vectors 14:263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04769-4","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"1140_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.08.010","volume":"135","author":"I Klun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Klun I, Djurkovi\u0107-Djakovi\u0107 O, Kati\u0107-Radivojevi\u0107 S, Nikoli\u0107 A (2006) Cross-sectional survey of Toxoplasma gondii in livestock in Serbia. Vet Parasitol 135(2):121\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.08.010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Acta Parasitologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11686-025-01140-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11686-025-01140-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11686-025-01140-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T08:59:59Z","timestamp":1768813199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11686-025-01140-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11686-025-01140-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1230-2821","1896-1851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1230-2821","type":"print"},{"value":"1896-1851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, AL Noor University, Mosul, Iraq. Ref E.P 2025-2.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}],"article-number":"203"}}