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Treating these diseases presents many challenges.\n                      <jats:italic>Elaeagnus angustifolia L<\/jats:italic>\n                      . (EA) is renowned for its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties, and various parts of the plant are used to treat a variety of ailments. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro activity of the EA leaves against\n                      <jats:italic>Encephalitozoon intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>E. intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ),\n                      <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba castellanii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>A. castellanii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) at different concentrations and incubation times.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Spore load was measured by real-time PCR using an infection model in human kidney epithelial (HEK) 293 cells for\n                      <jats:italic>E. intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The viability of\n                      <jats:italic>A. castellanii<\/jats:italic>\n                      trophozoites and cysts, and\n                      <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                      promastigotes was determined by trypan blue staining and hemocytometry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Elaeagnus angustifolia L.<\/jats:italic>\n                      leaf extract significantly reduced the spore DNA load in\n                      <jats:italic>E. intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections at a concentration of 5\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, but was ineffective at lower concentrations. The extract decreased the viability of\n                      <jats:italic>A. castellanii<\/jats:italic>\n                      trophozoites and cysts, as well as\n                      <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                      promastigotes, at varying rates depending on the time and dose. It was particularly effective against\n                      <jats:italic>A. castellanii<\/jats:italic>\n                      cysts at low doses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The biological activity of the plant extract obtained from the leaves of\n                      <jats:italic>Elaeagnus angustifolia L.<\/jats:italic>\n                      against three different parasites suggests that it could be used as a promising alternative in the treatment of parasitic infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-026-01246-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T10:13:26Z","timestamp":1773051206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effect of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. 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