{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T10:48:03Z","timestamp":1782730083543,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004505","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Catania","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Parasit."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human dirofilariasis, an emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis, is increasing, particularly in Europe. While subcutaneous presentations are the most common infections, genital presentations are rare and can pose significant diagnostic challenges.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aims to provide an updated synthesis of all detailed published cases of genital dirofilariasis analyzing clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods, treatment strategies, and epidemiological implications to enhance clinical awareness and management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify cases of\n                      <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                      species with genital involvement in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar and through manual searches.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Genital dirofilariasis is a rare condition, with 70 detailed documented cases identified in this review, representing the largest collection published to date.\n                      <jats:italic>Dirofilaria repens<\/jats:italic>\n                      is the predominant cause. Clinical presentation is often non-specific mimicking common or threatening conditions such as orchiepididymitis, spermatic cord torsion or undiagnosed nodule. The condition affects all ages, with a notable 40% of cases occurring in the pediatric population, particularly in Sri Lanka. Definitive diagnosis typically requires surgical excision and expert histopathological examination, supported by molecular techniques for species identification, if available and certificated. Imaging, mainly ultrasound, may reveal the highly suggestive \u201cworm-in-sac sign\u201d. Minimally invasive excisional surgery is generally curative and post-operative antiparasitic therapy is usually not required after complete excision.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genital dirofilariasis should be included in the differential diagnosis of unexplained genital nodules or masses, especially in endemic areas or in patients with a history of travel to such regions. The diagnostic and therapeutic approach proposed here helps in identifying and managing these peculiar parasitic infections. A multidisciplinary approach is essential to avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate invasive interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-026-01271-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T07:49:01Z","timestamp":1779176941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genital Dirofilaria: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Presentations, Diagnosis and Management"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Franz\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnese Maria Isabella","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Bellocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Pistar\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Cosentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Spampinato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetto Maurizio","family":"Celesia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Santi","family":"Cacopardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Nunnari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1271_CR1","first-page":"231","volume":"42","author":"S Pampiglione","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pampiglione S, Rivasi F (2000) Human Dirofilariasis Due to Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) Repens: An Update of World Literature from 1995 to 2000. Parassitologia 42:231\u2013254","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"1271_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.108995","volume":"280","author":"C Genchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Genchi C, Kramer LH (2020) The Prevalence of Dirofilaria Immitis and D. Repens in the Old World. Vet Parasitol 280:108995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.108995","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1271_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2008.02.015","volume":"73","author":"R Fleck","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fleck R, Kurz W, Quade B, Geginat G, Hof H (2009) Human Dirofilariasis Due to Dirofilaria Repens Mimicking a Scrotal Tumor. Urology 73:209e1\u2013209e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2008.02.015","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"1271_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3205-x","volume":"11","author":"G Capelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Capelli G, Genchi C, Baneth G, Bourdeau P, Brianti E, Cardoso L, Danesi P, Fuehrer H-P, Giannelli A, Ionic\u0103 AM et al (2018) Recent Advances on Dirofilaria Repens in Dogs and Humans in Europe. Parasit Vectors 11:663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-018-3205-x","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"1271_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.03.026","volume":"163","author":"C Genchi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Genchi C, Rinaldi L, Mortarino M, Genchi M, Cringoli G (2009) Climate and Dirofilaria Infection in Europe. Vet Parasitol 163:286\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.03.026","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1271_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-16","volume":"6","author":"D Otranto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Brianti E, Traversa D, Petri\u0107 D, Genchi C, Capelli G (2013) Vector-Borne Helminths of Dogs and Humans in Europe. Parasit Vectors 6:16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-6-16","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"1271_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1360","volume":"104","author":"DA Raele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raele DA, Pugliese N, Bella GL, Calvario A, Scarasciulli M, Vasco I, Salandra GL, Cafiero MA (2021) Case Report: Molecular Detection of Dirofilaria Repens in an Italian Patient after a Stay in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 104:2042\u20132045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1360","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"1271_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-022-00290-6","volume":"12","author":"K Engelsberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Engelsberg K, Bl\u00e4ckberg J (2022) Dirofilaria Repens Infection of the Eye. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 12:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12348-022-00290-6","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"1271_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.03.033","volume":"133","author":"F Sim\u00f3n","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sim\u00f3n F, L\u00f3pez-Belmonte J, Marcos-Atxutegi C, Morch\u00f3n R, Mart\u00edn-Pacho JR (2005) What Is Happening Outside North America Regarding Human Dirofilariasis? Vet Parasitol 133:181\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.03.033","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1271_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100306","volume":"13","author":"A Pupi\u0107-Bakra\u010d","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pupi\u0107-Bakra\u010d A, Pupi\u0107-Bakra\u010d J, Beck A, Jurkovi\u0107 D, Polkinghorne A, Beck R (2021) Dirofilaria Repens Microfilaremia in Humans: Case Description and Literature Review. One Health 13:100306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100306","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"1271_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1582-3","volume":"16","author":"L Fontanelli Sulekova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fontanelli Sulekova L, Gabrielli S, De Angelis M, Milardi GL, Magnani C, Di Marco B, Taliani G, Cancrini G (2016) Dirofilaria Repens Microfilariae from a Human Node Fine-Needle Aspirate: A Case Report. BMC Infect Dis 16:248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-016-1582-3","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1271_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.04.020","volume":"213","author":"D Otranto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Otranto D, Cantacessi C, Dantas-Torres F, Brianti E, Pfeffer M, Genchi C, Guberti V, Capelli G, Deplazes P (2015) The Role of Wild Canids and Felids in Spreading Parasites to Dogs and Cats in Europe. Part II: Helminths and Arthropods. Vet Parasitol 213:24\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.04.020","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1271_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.07.017","volume":"363","author":"BK Saha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saha BK, Bonnier A, Chong WH, Chieng H, Austin A, Hu K, Shkolnik B (2022) Human Pulmonary Dirofilariasis: A Review for the Clinicians. Am J Med Sci 363:11\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.07.017","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"1271_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(89)90205-0","volume":"20","author":"JY Ro","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ro JY, Tsakalakis PJ, White VA, Luna MA, Chang-Tung EG, Green L, Cribbett L, Ayala AG (1989) Pulmonary Dirofilariasis: The Great Imitator of Primary or Metastatic Lung Tumor. A Clinicopathologic Analysis of Seven Cases and a Review of the Literature. Hum Pathol 20:69\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0046-8177(89)90205-0","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"1271_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kallampallil J, Wood SJ, O\u2019Dempsey T, Craigie RJ (2013) Nematode Infection Mimicking Paratesticular Malignancy. BMJ Case Rep. 2013, bcr2013200775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2013-200775","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-200775"},{"key":"1271_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.317","volume":"64","author":"JH Theis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Theis JH, Gilson A, Simon GE, Bradshaw B, Clark DC, Report (2001) Unusual Location of Dirofilaria Immitis in a 28-Year-Old Man Necessitates Orchiectomy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64:317\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.317","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"1271_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tumolskaya NI, Pozio E, Rakova VM, Supriaga VG, Sergiev VP, Morozov EN, Morozova LF, Rezza G, Litvinov SK (2016) Dirofilaria Immitis in a Child from the Russian Federation. Parasite 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2016037","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2016037"},{"key":"1271_CR18","first-page":"234","volume":"42","author":"G Brindicci","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brindicci G, Santoro CR, Signorile F, Leone A, Di Ciaula G, Monno L, Angarano G (2019) Subcutaneous Human Dirofilariosis By D. Repens In South Italy: A Case Report. New Microbiol 42:234\u2013236","journal-title":"New Microbiol"},{"key":"1271_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12259","volume":"122","author":"A Palicelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Palicelli A, Deambrogio C, Arnulfo A, Rivasi F, Paganotti A, Boldorini R (2014) Dirofilaria Repens Mimicking an Ovarian Mass: Histologic and Molecular Diagnosis. APMIS 122:1045\u20131046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apm.12259","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"1271_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2705.203599","volume":"27","author":"AS Jyotsna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jyotsna AS, Vinayan KP, Biswas L, Haridas S, Roy AG, Suresh P, Kumar A (2021) Eosinophilic Meningitis and Intraocular Infection Caused by Dirofilaria Sp. Genotype Hongkong. Emerg Infect Dis 27:1532\u20131534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2705.203599","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1271_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1511.090936","volume":"15","author":"S Poppert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Poppert S, Hodapp M, Krueger A, Hegasy G, Niesen W-D, Kern WV, Tannich E (2009) Dirofilaria Repens Infection and Concomitant Meningoencephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 15:1844\u20131846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1511.090936","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1271_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Franz\u00f2 A, Marino A, Celesia BM, Bruno R, Catalano P, Cacciaguerra S, Reale S, Cacopardo BS, Nunnari G (2025) Dirofilaria Repens in the Spermatic Cord of a 5-Year-Old Boy: A Rare Pediatric Case in Italy. Trop Med Infect Dis 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed10070184","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10070184"},{"key":"1271_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1768706","volume":"11","author":"R Rose","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rose R, Kleitsch K-U, Born D, Heye P (2023) Dirofilaria Repens in a Pediatric Patient\u2014First Case Report from Switzerland. Eur J Pediatr Surg Rep 11:e29\u2013e31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-1768706","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg Rep"},{"key":"1271_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijpa.v19i3.16396","author":"R \u017dulpait\u0117","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u017dulpait\u0117 R, Pata\u0161ius A, Drachneris J (2024) Dirofilariasis in Male Genitalia: A Case Report and Literature Review. Iran J Parasitol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/ijpa.v19i3.16396","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"1271_CR25","first-page":"517","volume":"83","author":"L Kassar","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kassar L, Kchir N, Boubaker S, Haouet S, Bouratbine A, Chatti S, Zitouna MM (1990) [A case of subcutaneous dirofilariasis in Tunisia]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 83:517\u2013520","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"1271_CR26","first-page":"129","volume":"44","author":"M Fini","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fini M, Perrone A, Vagliani G, Andreini C, Salvi G, Misuriello G, Di Silverio A (1992) [A case of human dirofilariasis (D. repens) of the spermatic cord]. Minerva Urol E Nefrol Ital J Urol Nephrol 44:129\u2013131","journal-title":"Minerva Urol E Nefrol Ital J Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"1271_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1996.11813057","volume":"90","author":"S Pampiglione","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pampiglione S, Trotti GC, Rivasi F, Vakalis N (1996) Human Dirofilariasis in Greece: A Review of Reported Cases and a Description of a New, Subcutaneous Case. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 90:319\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00034983.1996.11813057","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"1271_CR28","unstructured":"Auer H, Weinkamer M, Bsteh A, Schnayder C, Dietze O, Kunit G, Asp\u00f6ck H (1997) Ein Seltener Fall Einer Diro\u00dflaria Repens-Infestation Des Nebenhodens"},{"key":"1271_CR29","first-page":"22","volume":"90","author":"S Pampiglione","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pampiglione S, Montevecchi R, Lorenzini P, Puccetti M (1997) [Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens in the spermatic cord: a new human case in Italy]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 90:22\u201324","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"1271_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1556\/AVet.47.1999.1.7","volume":"47","author":"S Pampiglione","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pampiglione S, Elek G, P\u00e1lfi P, Vet\u00e9si F, Varga I (1999) Human Dirofilaria Repens Infection in Hungary: A Case in the Spermatic Cord and a Review of the Literature. Acta Vet Hung 47:77\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/AVet.47.1999.1.7","journal-title":"Acta Vet Hung"},{"key":"1271_CR31","first-page":"375","volume":"30","author":"N Ratnatunga","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ratnatunga N, Wijesundera MS (1999) Histopathological Diagnosis of Subcutaneous Dirofilaria Repens Infection in Humans. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 30:375\u2013378","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"1271_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stayerman; Szvalb; Sazbon Dirofilaria Repens Presenting as a Subcutaneous Nodule in the Penis. BJU Int (1999) 84, 746\u2013747, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1999.00301.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1999.00301.x"},{"key":"1271_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.4038\/cmj.v45i3.8114","volume":"45","author":"SD Fernando","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fernando SD, Ihalamulla RL, De Silva WA (2000) Male and Female Filarial Worms Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) Repens Recovered from the Scrotum. Ceylon Med J 45:131\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4038\/cmj.v45i3.8114","journal-title":"Ceylon Med J"},{"key":"1271_CR34","first-page":"860","volume":"3","author":"M Munichor","year":"2001","unstructured":"Munichor M, Gold D, Lengy J, Linn R, Merzbach D (2001) An Unusual Case of Dirofilaria Conjunctivae Infection Suspected to Be Malignancy of the Spermatic Cord. Isr Med Assoc J IMAJ 3:860\u2013861","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J IMAJ"},{"key":"1271_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2001.01099.x","volume":"38","author":"S Pampiglione","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pampiglione S, Rivasi F, Angeli G, Boldorini R, Incensati RM, Pastormerlo M, Pavesi M, Ramponi A (2001) Dirofilariasis Due to Dirofilaria Repens in Italy, an Emergent Zoonosis: Report of 60 New Cases. Histopathology 38:344\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2001.01099.x","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"1271_CR36","unstructured":"Supriaga VG, Starkova TV, Korotkova GI (2002) [Clinical and parasitological diagnosis of human dirofilariasis]. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 53\u201355"},{"key":"1271_CR37","first-page":"93","volume":"44","author":"S Pampiglione","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pampiglione S, Fioravanti ML, Piccolotti D, Pizzicannella G, Reale D (2002) Human Dirofilariasis in Italy: A New Case in the Spermatic Cord. Parassitologia 44:93\u201396","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"1271_CR38","first-page":"375","volume":"64","author":"A Soussi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Soussi A, Farah Klibi F, Zermani R, Rammeh S, Ismail O, Zakraoui A, Atallah K, Ben Jilani S (2004) [Subcutaneous dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria repens in Tunisia: a case involving the scrotum]. Med Trop Rev Corps Sante Colon 64:375\u2013378","journal-title":"Med Trop Rev Corps Sante Colon"},{"key":"1271_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2007.03211.x","volume":"46","author":"L Angeli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Angeli L, Tiberio R, Zuccoli R, Annali G, Ramponi A, Leigheb G (2007) Human Dirofilariasis: 10 New Cases in Piedmont, Italy. Int J Dermatol 46:844\u2013847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2007.03211.x","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"1271_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X09341346","volume":"83","author":"AM D\u017eami\u0107","year":"2009","unstructured":"D\u017eami\u0107 AM, \u010colovi\u0107 IV, Arsi\u0107-Arsenijevi\u0107 VS, Stepanovi\u0107 S, Bori\u010di\u0107 I, D\u017eami\u0107 Z, Mitrovi\u0107 SM, Ra\u0161i\u0107 DM, Stefanovi\u0107 I, Latkovi\u0107 Z et al (2009) Human Dirofilaria Repens Infection in Serbia. J Helminthol 83:129\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022149X09341346","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"1271_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.58739","volume":"28","author":"R Singh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singh R, Shwetha J, Samantaray J, Bando G, Dirofilariasis (2010) A Rare Case Report. Indian J Med Microbiol 28:75\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0255-0857.58739","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"1271_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/039156031007700211","volume":"77","author":"F Di Tonno","year":"2010","unstructured":"Di Tonno F, Mazzariol C, Piazza N, Murer B (2010) Filariasis: An Emergent Cause of Acute Scrotal Pain. Urologia 77:147\u2013149","journal-title":"Urologia"},{"key":"1271_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-011-0039-2","volume":"35","author":"E Joseph","year":"2011","unstructured":"Joseph E, Matthai A, Abraham LK, Thomas S (2011) Subcutaneous Human Dirofilariasis. J Parasit Dis 35:140\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12639-011-0039-2","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"1271_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2011.01828.x","volume":"39","author":"A D\u2019Amuri","year":"2012","unstructured":"D\u2019Amuri A, Senatore SA, Carl\u00e0 TG, Floccari F, Villani E, Leocata P, Crisman G (2012) Cutaneous Dirofilariasis Resulting in Orchiectomy. J Cutan Pathol 39:304\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2011.01828.x","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"1271_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773212Y.0000000029","volume":"106","author":"N Leccia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leccia N, Patouraux S, Carpentier X, Boissy C, Giudice PD, Parks S, Michiels JF, Ambrosetti D (2012) Pseudo-Tumor of the Scrotum, a Rare Clinical Presentation of Dirofilariasis: A Report of Two Autochtonous Cases Due to Dirofilaria Repens. Pathog Glob Health 106:370\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/2047773212Y.0000000029","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"1271_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3802-3","volume":"113","author":"RN Harizanov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harizanov RN, Jordanova DP, Bikov IS (2014) Some Aspects of the Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Diagnosis of Human Dirofilariasis Caused by Dirofilaria Repens. Parasitol Res 113:1571\u20131579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-014-3802-3","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"1271_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2014.04.002","volume":"33","author":"B Ilyasov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ilyasov B, Kartashev V, Bastrikov N, Madjugina L, Gonz\u00e1lez-Miguel J, Morch\u00f3n R, Sim\u00f3n F (2015) Thirty Cases of Human Subcutaneous Dirofilariasis Reported in Rostov-on-Don (Southwestern Russian Federation). Enfermedades Infecc Microbiol Cl\u00ednica 33:233\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eimc.2014.04.002","journal-title":"Enfermedades Infecc Microbiol Cl\u00ednica"},{"key":"1271_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1236","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-9056(15)30272-4","volume":"14","author":"V Krajina","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krajina V, Pavokovi\u0107 D (2015) Epididymal Dirofilariasis \u2013 Case Report. Eur Urol Suppl 14:e1236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1569-9056(15)30272-4","journal-title":"Eur Urol Suppl"},{"key":"1271_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000346","volume":"31","author":"M Bertozzi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bertozzi M, Rinaldi VE, Prestipino M, Giovenali P, Appignani A (2015) Dirofilariasis Mimicking an Acute Scrotum. Pediatr Emerg Care 31:715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000346","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"1271_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.21886\/2308-6424-2016-0-1-86-92","volume":"0","author":"OS Streltsova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Streltsova OS, Krupin VN, Grebenkin EV, Mamonov MV, Osipov AA (2016) DIROFILARIASIS OF THE PENIS. Urol Her 0:86\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21886\/2308-6424-2016-0-1-86-92","journal-title":"Urol Her"},{"key":"1271_CR51","first-page":"52","volume":"4","author":"LV Fedyanina","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fedyanina LV, Maksimova MS, Tikhonova DV, Shchukina EN, Stepanova EV, Rakova VM (2016) [CLINICAL CASE OF DIROFILARIASIS]. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 4:52\u201354","journal-title":"Med Parazitol (Mosk)"},{"key":"1271_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004547","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004547","volume":"10","author":"H-P Fuehrer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fuehrer H-P, Auer H, Leschnik M, Silbermayr K, Duscher G, Joachim A (2016) Dirofilaria in Humans, Dogs, and Vectors in Austria (1978\u20132014)\u2014From Imported Pathogens to the Endemicity of Dirofilaria Repens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10:e0004547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004547","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1271_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcw034","volume":"109","author":"IT Kaftandjiev","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaftandjiev IT, Harizanov RN (2016) Rare Case of Epididymal Dirofilariasis. QJM Int J Med 109:351\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qjmed\/hcw034","journal-title":"QJM Int J Med"},{"key":"1271_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15226\/2473-6430\/3\/1\/00120","volume":"3","author":"C Chiaramonte","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chiaramonte C (2017) Human Dirofilariasis Presenting as Scrotal Mass. J Urol Nephrol Open Access 3:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15226\/2473-6430\/3\/1\/00120","journal-title":"J Urol Nephrol Open Access"},{"key":"1271_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.14534\/PUCR.2016418815","volume":"3","author":"S Masic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Masic S, Masic V, Pigac B (2016) Subcutaneous Scrotal Dirofilariasis in a 3- Year- Old Boy. Pediatr Urol Case Rep 3:110\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14534\/PUCR.2016418815","journal-title":"Pediatr Urol Case Rep"},{"key":"1271_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2017.09.005","volume":"19","author":"K Bausch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bausch K, Bosl M, Matter M, Gabrielli S, Neumayr A (2017) When You Hear Hoof Beats\u2026 Consider Zebras - A Diagnostic Challenge. Travel Med Infect Dis 19:73\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2017.09.005","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"1271_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1159\/000494619","volume":"28","author":"V Velev","year":"2018","unstructured":"Velev V, Pelov T, Garev T, Peev S, Kaftandjiev I, Harizanov R (2018) Epididymal Dirofilariasis in a Child: First Case Report from Bulgaria. Med Princ Pract 28:96\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000494619","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"1271_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3406-y","volume":"12","author":"V Sab\u016bnas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sab\u016bnas V, Radzijevskaja J, Sakalauskas P, Petkevi\u010dius S, Karvelien\u0117 B, \u017diliukien\u0117 J, Lipatova I, Paulauskas A (2019) Dirofilaria Repens in Dogs and Humans in Lithuania. Parasit Vectors 12:177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3406-y","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"1271_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.034","volume":"7","author":"I Djakovi\u0107","year":"2019","unstructured":"Djakovi\u0107 I, Leni\u010dek T, Beck R, Kraljevi\u0107 Z, Kuna K, Butorac D (2019) Subcutaneous Dirofilariasis in Female Pubic Region - Case Report. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 7:392\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3889\/oamjms.2019.034","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"key":"1271_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chandrasena TG, Premaratna R, Mallawaarachchi CH, Gunawardena NK, Gunathilaka P a, Abeyewickrama DHN, Silva WY (2019) N.R. de The Diversity of Human Dirofilariasis in Western Sri Lanka. BioMed Res. Int. 2019, 9209240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/9209240","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9209240"},{"key":"1271_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-020-00170-w","volume":"65","author":"V Boldi\u0161","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boldi\u0161 V, Ondriska F, Bo\u0161\u00e1k V, Hajd\u00fak O, Antolov\u00e1 D, Miterp\u00e1kov\u00e1 M (2020) Pseudo-Tumor of the Epididymis, a Rare Clinical Presentation of Human Dirofilaria Repens Infection: A Report of Autochthonous Case of Dirofilariasis in Southwestern Slovakia. Acta Parasitol 65:550\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/s11686-020-00170-w","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"1271_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/136387","volume":"28","author":"V Nagy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nagy V, Nagyov\u00e1 DA, Rare Clinical (2021) Presentation of Human Dirofilaria Repens Infection as a Pseudo-Tumour of the Epididymis \u2013 Case Report. Ann Agric Environ Med 28:348\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26444\/aaem\/136387","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"1271_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2021.186","volume":"41","author":"A Fassari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fassari A, Polistena A, De TG, Fiori E (2021) An Unusual Case of Genital Filariasis of the Testicular Tunics in an Italian Patient. Ann Saudi Med 41:186\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5144\/0256-4947.2021.186","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"1271_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e539","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003706","volume":"41","author":"A Pansini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pansini A, Magenes VC, Casini F, Guida G, De Sanctis M, Canonica CPM, Rossi RS, Zuccotti G, Giacomet V (2022) Testicular Dirofilariasis in an Italian 11-Year-Old Child. Pediatr Infect Dis J 41:e539\u2013e540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/INF.0000000000003706","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"1271_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2812.220424","volume":"28","author":"S Ugolini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ugolini S, Lima M, Maffi M, Pierangeli F, Vastano M, Gargano T, Varani S, Gustinelli A, Caffara M, Fioravanti ML (2022) Dirofilaria Repens Testicular Infection in Child, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 28:2569\u20132572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2812.220424","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1271_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2022.107753","volume":"100","author":"B Sayanthan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sayanthan B, Vaishnavi S (2022) The Clinical Dilemma for Acute Scrotum in Paediatrics: A Rare Etiology. Int J Surg Case Rep 100:107753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijscr.2022.107753","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"1271_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100863","volume":"19","author":"A Kuna","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kuna A, Poblocki P, Baranowicz K, Grzybek M (2024) Lesion on the Right Testicle of 21-Year-Old Patient. One Health 19:100863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100863","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"1271_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2024-0032","volume":"61","author":"G Popova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Popova G, Vuchev D, Markov D, Poryazova E (2024) Dirofilariasis of the Scrotum: A Clinical Case from Bulgaria. Helminthologia 61:357\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/helm-2024-0032","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"1271_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaps.jiaps_268_23","volume":"29","author":"N Wijekoon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wijekoon N, Antony D, Muhunthan T, Samarasinghe M (2024) Dirofilariasis Causing Pediatric Acute Scrotum: A Case Series and Review of the Literature. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 29:356\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jiaps.jiaps_268_23","journal-title":"J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"1271_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2024.09.017","volume":"57","author":"SAJ Harch","year":"2025","unstructured":"Harch SAJ, Sheorey H, Gasser RB, Cohen P, Nelson R, Koehler AV (2025) Genital Dirofilariasis Involving the Penile Shaft, Caused by Dirofilaria Sp. Hong Kong Genotype. Pathol (Phila) 57:396\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pathol.2024.09.017","journal-title":"Pathol (Phila)"},{"key":"1271_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00012-12","volume":"25","author":"F Sim\u00f3n","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sim\u00f3n F, Siles-Lucas M, Morch\u00f3n R, Gonz\u00e1lez-Miguel J, Mellado I, Carret\u00f3n E, Montoya-Alonso JA (2012) Human and Animal Dirofilariasis: The Emergence of a Zoonotic Mosaic. Clin Microbiol Rev 25:507\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00012-12","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"1271_CR72","unstructured":"I parassiti del terzo millennio: XXXI Congresso Nazionale della Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Prassitologia & 2021 ESDA event: dirofilariosis and angiostrongylosis: from the past to the future, 16\u201319 giugno 2021: SOIPA 2020; Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Parassitologia, Ed.; SOIPA: Teramo, (2021) ; ISBN 978-88-943575-3-0"},{"key":"1271_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106083","volume":"223","author":"JA Mendoza-Roldan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mendoza-Roldan JA, Gabrielli S, Cascio A, Manoj RRS, Bezerra-Santos MA, Benelli G, Brianti E, Latrofa MS, Otranto D (2021) Zoonotic Dirofilaria Immitis and Dirofilaria Repens Infection in Humans and an Integrative Approach to the Diagnosis. Acta Trop 223:106083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106083","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"1271_CR74","first-page":"369","volume":"39","author":"G Canestri Trotti","year":"1997","unstructured":"Canestri Trotti G, Pampiglione S, Rivasi F (1997) The Species of the Genus Dirofilaria, Railliet & Henry, 1911. Parassitologia 39:369\u2013374","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"1271_CR75","first-page":"349","volume":"57","author":"AS Dissanaike","year":"1979","unstructured":"Dissanaike AS (1979) Zoonotic Aspects of Filarial Infections in Man. Bull World Health Organ 57:349\u2013357","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"1271_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2023.12.007","volume":"40","author":"L Perles","year":"2024","unstructured":"Perles L, Dantas-Torres F, Kr\u00fccken J, Morch\u00f3n R, Walochnik J, Otranto D (2024) Zoonotic Dirofilariases: One, No One, or More than One Parasite. Trends Parasitol 40:257\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2023.12.007","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"1271_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4499-7","volume":"114","author":"D Antolov\u00e1","year":"2015","unstructured":"Antolov\u00e1 D, Miterp\u00e1kov\u00e1 M, Parali\u010dov\u00e1 Z (2015) Case of Human Dirofilaria Repens Infection Manifested by Cutaneous Larva Migrans Syndrome. Parasitol Res 114:2969\u20132973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-015-4499-7","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"1271_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-022-00543-3","volume":"67","author":"T Balendran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Balendran T, Yatawara L, Wickramasinghe S (2022) Human Dirofilariasis Caused by Dirofilaria Repens in Sri Lanka from 1962 to 2020. Acta Parasitol 67:628\u2013639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11686-022-00543-3","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"1271_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2021.102174","volume":"44","author":"FN Saydam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saydam FN, Erdem H, Ankarali H, El-Arab Ramadan ME, El-Sayed NM, Civljak R, Pshenichnaya N, Moroti RV, Mahmuodabad FM, Maduka AV et al (2021) Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Infections and Their Relationships with Regional and Socioeconomic Statuses: An ID-IRI Survey in 24 Countries of Europe, Africa and Asia. Travel Med Infect Dis 44:102174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2021.102174","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"1271_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.32074\/1591-951X-297","volume":"114","author":"N Ahmed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmed N, Tonelli L, Labagnara G, Doglioni C, Pedica F (2022) Subcutaneous Dirofilariosis in Italy: A Diagnostic Hypothesis to Remind When the Anamnesis Is Misleading. Pathol - J Ital Soc Anat Pathol Diagn Cytopathol 114:174\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32074\/1591-951X-297","journal-title":"Pathol - J Ital Soc Anat Pathol Diagn Cytopathol"},{"key":"1271_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2008.03197.x","volume":"54","author":"S Pampiglione","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pampiglione S, Rivasi F, Gustinelli A (2009) Dirofilarial Human Cases in the Old World, Attributed to Dirofilaria Immitis: A Critical Analysis. Histopathology 54:192\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2008.03197.x","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"1271_CR82","first-page":"401","volume":"39","author":"G Favia","year":"1997","unstructured":"Favia G, Lanfrancotti A, della Torre A, Cancrini G, Coluzzi M (1997) Advances in the Identification of Dirofilaria Repens and Dirofilaria Immitis by a PCR-Based Approach. Parassitologia 39:401\u2013402","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"1271_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12512","volume":"46","author":"S Manzocchi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Manzocchi S, Venco L, Piseddu E, Pantchev N, Masserdotti C, Bonfanti U, Albanese F, Kramer LH, Bertazzolo W (2017) Positive PCR Alone Should Not Be Considered Sufficient to Establish Dirofilaria Repens as the Cause of Subcutaneous Nodular Lesions in the Absence of a Clear Cytologic Picture. Vet Clin Pathol 46:389\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vcp.12512","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"1271_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Riebenbauer K, Weber PB, Walochnik J, Karlhofer F, Winkler S, Dorfer S, Auer H, Valencak J, Laimer M, Handisurya A (2021) Human Dirofilariosis in Austria: The Past, the Present, the Future. Parasit Vectors 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04696-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04696-4"},{"key":"1271_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1996.tb05054.x","volume":"35","author":"T Jelinek","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jelinek T, Schulte-Hillen J, Loscher T, Human Dirofilariasis (1996) Int J Dermatol 35:872\u2013875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1996.tb05054.x","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Acta Parasitologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11686-026-01271-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11686-026-01271-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11686-026-01271-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T10:25:27Z","timestamp":1782728727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11686-026-01271-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11686-026-01271-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1230-2821","1896-1851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1230-2821","type":"print"},{"value":"1896-1851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}],"article-number":"121"}}