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Samples were analysed using the Mini-FLOTAC technique to quantify parasite eggs and (oo)cysts, and prevalence, intensity, and abundance were calculated. Environmental variables, including elevation, land use, temperature, precipitation, and season, were linked to each sample. Generalized linear models (GLMs) were fitted to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on parasite presence and abundance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Parasite communities were dominated by\n                      <jats:italic>Eimeria<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., gastrointestinal strongyles, and\n                      <jats:italic>Metastrongylus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., whereas other taxa (e.g.,\n                      <jats:italic>Balantioides coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Capillaria<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Cystoisospora<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp.) were sporadic. Significant differences in intensity and\/or abundance of dominant taxa were observed between the two areas. Models based on infection abundance, rather than presence, revealed environmental associations:\n                      <jats:italic>Metastrongylus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. abundance decreased with increasing elevation, possibly reflecting constraints on intermediate host availability; while gastrointestinal strongyles abundance was lower in open natural habitats, reflecting microclimatic influences on larval survival.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights associations between habitat characteristics and parasite community structure in wild boar populations, providing insights into the environmental factors potentially influencing parasite transmission across heterogeneous landscapes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-026-01309-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T11:30:02Z","timestamp":1781955002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental effects on the lung and gastrointestinal parasite fauna of wild boar: a comparative study between alpine and Mediterranean ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Camilla","family":"Sangiovanni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerio","family":"Orazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Belardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Gallotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Calderola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Malaspina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Guadano-Procesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Fiorilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Di Cave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Berrilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1309_CR1","first-page":"202","volume-title":"Ecology, conservation and management of wild pigs and peccaries","author":"O Keuling","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keuling O, Podg\u00f3rski T, Monaco A et al (2018) Eurasian wild boar Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758). 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No animals were captured, handled, or harmed for the purposes of this study; therefore, no ethical approval was required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"144"}}