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As approximately half of the FDA-approved veterinary drugs are shared with human medicine, integrating drug repurposing has gained importance as an emerging strategy for the management of tick-borne\u00a0diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In this study,\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    approaches are integrated to screen 21 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) from FDA-approved drugs against\n                    <jats:italic>Ta<\/jats:italic>\n                    LDH in the context of drug repurposing.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Six of 21 the APIs showed\u2009\u2265\u200960% inhibition against\n                    <jats:italic>Ta<\/jats:italic>\n                    LDH (over 95% purity), particularly the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole, which exhibited both the highest inhibition percentage (73.36%) and the lowest binding energy (\u2212\u20096.36\u00a0kcal\/mol), with a consistency between experimental and computational results. To our knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate FDA-approved human therapeutics as potential\n                    <jats:italic>Ta<\/jats:italic>\n                    LDH inhibitors.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This preliminary\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    enzymatic inhibition study suggests omeprazole as a potential therapeutic agent for theileriosis. However, comprehensive pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses will further validate and advance these promising findings. Furthermore, APIs with\u2009\u2265\u200960% inhibition of\n                    <jats:italic>Ta<\/jats:italic>\n                    LDH may serve as promising leads for the future development of more potent anti-theilerial agents through targeted derivatization and lead optimization. In alignment with the One Health framework, evaluating human-approved active pharmaceutical ingredients as veterinary therapeutic against parasitic diseases may offer a sustainable, time and cost-efficient strategy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-026-01326-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T10:38:40Z","timestamp":1783679920000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Human-Approved Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Against Lactate Dehydrogenase from Theileria annulata"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Selcan","family":"Akar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Orlenco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erennur","family":"Ugurel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6zkan","family":"Dan\u0131\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilek","family":"Turgut-Balik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1326_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1168649","volume":"10","author":"A Kappes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kappes A et al (2023) Livestock health and disease economics: a scoping review of selected literature. 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