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This study aimed to investigate the serological and molecular occurrence of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in dogs and cats from S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Maranh\u00e3o, northeastern Brazil.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Blood samples from 330 dogs and 21 cats were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) using\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigens and by ITS1 Polymerase Chain Reaction\u2013Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (ITS1 PCR\u2013RFLP).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In dogs, seroreactivity against\n                      <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigens was detected in 37.9% and 23.0%, respectively, and\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA in 58\/330 (17.6%). Of nine canine samples successfully characterized by PCR\u2013RFLP, eight showed profiles compatible with\n                      <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and one a mixed profile suggestive of both species. In cats, seroreactivity against\n                      <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigens was detected in 28.6% and 14.3%, respectively, and\n                      <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA was identified in two animals. Univariable analysis showed associations between seroreactivity to\n                      <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigen and age, sex, and clinical signs, whereas seroreactivity to\n                      <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigen was associated with age, sex, street access, and the reported presence of wild animals around the household.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The higher seroreactivity to\n                      <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigen should be interpreted cautiously because of potential serological cross-reactivity and limited species-level molecular characterization. Together, the findings raise the possibility that\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      occurrence in domestic animals in this endemic area may not be restricted to\n                      <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , warranting further species-specific investigation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-026-01408-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T08:58:34Z","timestamp":1790413114000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Looking Beyond Leishmania infantum: Serological and Molecular Investigation of Leishmania spp. in Domestic Dogs and Cats from a Visceral Leishmaniasis-Endemic Area in Northeastern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Ana Vit\u00f3ria Verde Oliveira","family":"Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaliane Fran\u00e7a","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Mond\u00eago","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe Trovalim","family":"Jord\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcia Aparecida","family":"Speranca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcia Dalastra","family":"Laurenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline Diniz","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Borges","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"de Maria Seabra Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8197-9868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9a Pereira","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1408_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.04.016","volume":"91","author":"MMN Andrade","year":"2010","unstructured":"Andrade MMN, Szlafsztein CF, Souza-Filho PWM, Ara\u00fajo AR, Gomes MKT (2010) A socioeconomic and natural vulnerability index for oil spills in an Amazonian harbor: A case study using GIS and remote sensing. 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