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In the Neotropical region, the Jararaca\n                      <jats:italic>Bothrops jararaca<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) and the Common Lancehead\n                      <jats:italic>Bothrops atrox<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Linnaeus, 1758) were previously the only recorded viperid hosts for\n                      <jats:italic>Caryospora jararacae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Carini, 1939). This study aimed to provide a morphological redescription and the first molecular characterization of\n                      <jats:italic>C. jararacae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , alongside a global taxonomic review of\n                      <jats:italic>Caryospora<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in viperids.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fecal samples from\n                      <jats:italic>B. jararaca<\/jats:italic>\n                      and Cascabel Rattlesnakes\n                      <jats:italic>Crotalus durissus<\/jats:italic>\n                      Linnaeus, 1758 were analyzed for oocyst morphology. Molecular characterization of\n                      <jats:italic>C. jararacae<\/jats:italic>\n                      was performed using a multilocus approach combining three mitochondrial loci and the nuclear 18S rDNA gene. Additionally, an integrative review synthesizing global data on geographic distribution, host specificity, and genotypic similarities of viperid\n                      <jats:italic>Caryospora<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. was conducted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Caryospora jararacae<\/jats:italic>\n                      was identified and redescribed from\n                      <jats:italic>B. jararaca<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>C. durissus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . By reidentifying previous morphometric reports from\n                      <jats:italic>C. durissus<\/jats:italic>\n                      as\n                      <jats:italic>C. jararacae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and providing the first genetically confirmed records for both host species, this study establishes\n                      <jats:italic>C. jararacae<\/jats:italic>\n                      as the sole\n                      <jats:italic>Caryospora<\/jats:italic>\n                      species known from Neotropical vipers and only the second genotypically characterized\n                      <jats:italic>Caryospora<\/jats:italic>\n                      species in the family Viperidae worldwide. The integrative review revealed that five of the seven nominal species reported in vipers belong to the\n                      <jats:italic>Caryospora simplex<\/jats:italic>\n                      species complex, representing five morphologically indistinguishable geotypes distributed across different continents.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Molecular evidence primarily supports a scenario of recent common ancestry and incipient speciation among geotypes of the\n                      <jats:italic>Caryospora simplex<\/jats:italic>\n                      species complex, wherein high genetic similarity reflects shared ancestral characters, rather than active ongoing genetic exchange. Despite their morphological indistinguishability, retention of the five nominal species within the complex is recommended, as they can be delimited through an integrative framework combining biogeographical, host, and molecular data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-026-01411-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:05:56Z","timestamp":1791187556000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrative Taxonomy of the Caryospora simplex Species Complex (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) From Vipers (Squamata: Viperidae), With Redescription and First Molecular Characterization of Caryospora jararacae"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Arthur M. 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