{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:05:23Z","timestamp":1790838323065,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FWF P29397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWF P29397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evol Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Encapsulated within the temporal bone and comprising the smallest elements of the vertebrate skeleton, the ear is key to multiple senses: balance, posture control, gaze stabilization, and hearing. The transformation of the primary jaw joint into the mammalian ear ossicles is one of the most iconic transitions in vertebrate evolution, but the drivers of this complex evolutionary trajectory are not fully understood. We propose a novel hypothesis: The incorporation of the bones of the primary jaw joint into the middle ear has considerably increased the genetic, regulatory, and developmental complexity of the mammalian ear. This increase in the number of genetic and developmental factors may, in turn, have increased the evolutionary degrees of freedom for independent adaptations of the different functional ear units. The simpler ear anatomy in birds and reptiles may be less susceptible to developmental instabilities and disorders than in mammals but also more constrained in its evolution. Despite the tight spatial entanglement of functional ear components, the increased \u201cevolvability\u201d of the mammalian ear may have contributed to the evolutionary success and adaptive diversification of mammals in the vast diversity of ecological and behavioral niches observable today. A brief literature review revealed supporting evidence for this hypothesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-020-09502-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T01:02:22Z","timestamp":1590541342000},"page":"187-192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Evolution of the Mammalian Ear: An Evolvability Hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Le Ma\u00eetre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole D. S.","family":"Grunstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathrin","family":"Pfaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5308-3837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Mitteroecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"9502_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051470404","volume":"147","author":"EF Allin","year":"1975","unstructured":"Allin, E. F. (1975). Evolution of the mammalian middle ear. Journal of Morphology,147(4), 403\u2013437.","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"key":"9502_CR2","volume-title":"Evolution and biocomputation: Computational models of evolution. Lecture notes in computer science","author":"L Altenberg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Altenberg, L. (1995). Genome growth and the evolution of the genotype-phenotype map. In W. Banzhaf & F. H. Eeckman (Eds.), Evolution and biocomputation: Computational models of evolution. Lecture notes in computer science. vol. 899, Berlin: Springer"},{"issue":"4","key":"9502_CR3","first-page":"263","volume":"15","author":"BJ Anson","year":"1941","unstructured":"Anson, B. J., & Cauldwell, E. W. (1941). Growth of the human stapes. Quarterly Bulletin of the Northwestern University Medical School,15(4), 263\u2013269.","journal-title":"Quarterly Bulletin of the Northwestern University Medical School"},{"issue":"2","key":"9502_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12344","volume":"228","author":"N Anthwal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anthwal, N., & Thompson, H. (2016). The development of the mammalian outer and middle ear. Journal of Anatomy,228(2), 217\u2013232.","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"9502_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2010.05.001","volume":"266","author":"J Ashmore","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ashmore, J., Avan, P., Brownell, W. E., et al. (2010). The remarkable cochlear amplifier. Hearing Research,266, 1\u201317.","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"9502_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12726","volume":"231","author":"RJB Benson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benson, R. J. B., Starmer-Jones, E., Close, R. A., et al. (2017). Comparative analysis of vestibular ecomorphology in birds. Journal of Anatomy,231(6), 990\u20131018.","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"issue":"11","key":"9502_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79585","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079585","volume":"8","author":"JC Berlin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berlin, J. C., Kirk, E. C., & Rowe, T. B. (2013). Functional implications of ubiquitous semicircular canal non-orthogonality in mammals. PLoS ONE,8(11), e79585.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9502_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3932","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.1212","volume":"279","author":"G Billet","year":"2012","unstructured":"Billet, G., Hautier, L., Asher, R. J., et al. (2012). High morphological variation of vestibular system accompanies slow and infrequent locomotion in three-toed sloths. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,279, 3932\u20133939.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"9502_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3966153","volume":"227","author":"WE Brownell","year":"1985","unstructured":"Brownell, W. E., Bader, C. R., Bertrand, D., et al. (1985). Evoked mechanical responses of isolated cochlear outer hair cells. Science,227, 194\u2013196.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9502_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.2011.00501.x","volume":"93","author":"CH Cassini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cassini, C. H., Flores, D. A., & Vizcaino, S. F. (2012). Postnatal ontogenetic scaling of Nesodontine (Notoungulata, Toxodontidae) cranial morphology. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm),93, 249\u2013259.","journal-title":"Acta Zoologica (Stockholm)"},{"key":"9502_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21005","volume":"302B","author":"SN Cobb","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cobb, S. N., & O'Higgins, P. (2004). Hominins do not share a common postnatal facial ontogenetic shape trajectory. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B,302B, 302\u2013321.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B"},{"issue":"10","key":"9502_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170058","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.170058","volume":"4","author":"BV Dickson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dickson, B. V., Sherratt, E., Losos, J. B., et al. (2017). Semicircular canals in Anolis lizards: Ecomorphological convergence and ecomorph affinities of fossil species. Royal Society Open Science,4(10), 170058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.170058.","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"key":"9502_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.02.028","volume":"58","author":"P Dallos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dallos, P., Wu, X., Cheatham, M. A., et al. (2008). Prestin-based outer hair cell motility is necessary for mammalian cochlear amplification. Neuron,58, 333\u2013339.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"9502_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948609500407","volume":"95","author":"TL Eby","year":"1986","unstructured":"Eby, T. L., & Nadol, J. B. (1986). Postnatal growth of the human temporal bone: Implications for cochlear implants in children. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology,95(4), 356\u2013364.","journal-title":"Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology"},{"issue":"6","key":"9502_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66624","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066624","volume":"8","author":"EG Ekdale","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ekdale, E. G. (2013). Comparative anatomy of the bony labyrinth (inner ear) of placental mammals. PLoS ONE,8(6), e66624.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9502_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66624","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066624","volume":"8","author":"EG Ekdale","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ekdale, E. G. (2016). Comparative anatomy of the bony labyrinth (inner ear) of placental mammals. PLoS One, 8, e66624.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"9502_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"55","author":"G Fleischer","year":"1978","unstructured":"Fleischer, G. (1978). Evolutionary principles of the mammalian middle ear. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology,55(5), 1\u201370.","journal-title":"Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology"},{"key":"9502_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13071","volume":"235","author":"C Foth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Foth, C., Evers, S. W., Joyce, W. G., et al. (2019). Comparative analysis of the shape and size of the middle ear cavity of turtles reveals no correlation with habitat ecology. Journal of Anatomy,235, 1078\u20131097.","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"issue":"3","key":"9502_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(199609)229:3<241::AID-JMOR1>3.0.CO;2-1","volume":"229","author":"R Garcia-Perea","year":"1996","unstructured":"Garcia-Perea, R. (1996). Patterns of postnatal development in skulls of lynxes, genus Lynx (Mammalia: Carnivora). Journal of Morphology,229(3), 241\u2013254.","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"key":"9502_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1182-2_3","volume-title":"Comparative hearing: Birds and reptiles","author":"O Gleich","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gleich, O., & Manley, G. A. (2000). The hearing organ in birds and Crocodilia. In R. J. Dooloing, R. R. Fay, & A. N. Popper (Eds.), Comparative hearing: Birds and reptiles (pp. 70\u2013138). New York: Springer."},{"issue":"6","key":"9502_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icp088","volume":"49","author":"M Gridi-Papp","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gridi-Papp, M., & Narins, P. M. (2009). Environmental influences in the evolution of tetrapod hearing sensitivity and middle ear tuning. Integrative and Comparative Biology,49(6), 702\u2013716.","journal-title":"Integrative and Comparative Biology"},{"key":"9502_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24483","volume":"551","author":"G Han","year":"2017","unstructured":"Han, G., Mao, F., Bi, S., et al. (2017). A Jurassic gliding euharamiyidan mammal with an ear of five auditory bones. Nature,551, 451\u2013456.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"9502_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2008.01573.x","volume":"21","author":"TF Hansen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hansen, T. F., & Houle, D. (2008). Measuring and comparing evolutionary constraint in multivariate characters. Journal of Evolutionary Biology,21(5), 1201\u20131219.","journal-title":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology"},{"key":"9502_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2007.00071.x","volume":"61","author":"AG Jones","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jones, A. G., Arnold, S., & B\u00fcrger, R. (2007). The mutation matrix and the evolution of evolvability. Evolution,61, 727\u2013745.","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"4","key":"9502_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-142X.2007.00176.x","volume":"9","author":"JL Hendrikse","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hendrikse, J. L., Parsons, T. E., & Hallgr\u00edmsson, B. (2007). Evolvability as the proper focus of evolutionary developmental biology. Evolution & Development,9(4), 393\u2013401.","journal-title":"Evolution & Development"},{"key":"9502_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2784-7_44","volume-title":"The evolutionary biology of hearing","author":"DR Ketten","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ketten, D. R. (1992). The marine mammal ear: specializations for aquatic audition and echolocation. In D. B. Webster, R. R. Fay, & A. N. Popper (Eds.), The evolutionary biology of hearing (pp. 717\u2013750). New York: Springer."},{"issue":"15","key":"9502_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8420","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.15.8420","volume":"95","author":"MW Kirschner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kirschner, M. W., & Gerhart, J. C. (1998). Evolvability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,95(15), 8420\u20138427.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"9","key":"9502_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170608","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.170608","volume":"4","author":"D Koyabu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koyabu, D., Hosojima, M., & Endo, H. (2017). Into the dark: Patterns of middle ear adaptations in subterranean eulipotyphlan mammals. Royal Society Open Science,4(9), 170608.","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"9502_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a033241","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a033241","volume":"9","author":"C K\u00f6ppl","year":"2018","unstructured":"K\u00f6ppl, C., & Manley, G. A. (2018). A functional perspective on the evolution of the cochlea. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine,9(6), a033241.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"9502_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.10.019","volume":"69","author":"S K\u00f6sling","year":"2009","unstructured":"K\u00f6sling, S., Omenzetter, M., & Bartel-Friedrich, S. (2009). Congenital malformations of the external and middle ear. European Journal of Radiology,69(2), 269\u2013279.","journal-title":"European Journal of Radiology"},{"key":"9502_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3166\/bmsap-2018-0039","volume":"31","author":"A Le Ma\u00eetre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Le Ma\u00eetre, A. (2019). The role of spatial integration in the morphology of the bony labyrinth in modern humans. Bulletins et M\u00e9moires de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019Anthropologie de Paris BMSAP,31, 34\u201342.","journal-title":"Bulletins et M\u00e9moires de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019Anthropologie de Paris BMSAP"},{"issue":"1","key":"9502_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12619","volume":"231","author":"A Le Ma\u00eetre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Le Ma\u00eetre, A., Schuetz, P., Vignaud, P., et al. (2017). New data about semicircular canal morphology and locomotion in modern hominoids. Journal of Anatomy,231(1), 95\u2013109.","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"9502_CR32","first-page":"337","volume-title":"Major transitions in vertebrate evolution","author":"Z-X Luo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Luo, Z.-X. (2007). Successive diversifications in early mammalian evolution. In J. S. Anderson & H.-D. Sues (Eds.), Major transitions in vertebrate evolution (pp. 337\u2013391). Bloomington: Indiana University Press."},{"key":"9502_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-032511-142302","volume":"42","author":"Z-X Luo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Luo, Z.-X. (2011). Developmental patterns in mesozoic evolution of mammal ears. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics,42, 355\u2013380.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics"},{"key":"9502_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23483","volume":"548","author":"Z-X Luo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luo, Z.-X., Meng, Q.-J., Grossnickle, D. M., et al. (2017). New evidence for mammaliaform ear evolution and feeding adaptation in a Jurassic ecosystem. Nature,548, 326\u2013332.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9502_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1163\/156854289X00183","volume":"40","author":"W Maier","year":"1990","unstructured":"Maier, W. (1990). Phylogeny & ontogeny of the mammalian middle ear structures. Netherlands Journal of Zoology,40, 55\u201374.","journal-title":"Netherlands Journal of Zoology"},{"issue":"44","key":"9502_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17914","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206139109","volume":"109","author":"MD Malinzak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Malinzak, M. D., Kay, R. F., & Hullar, T. E. (2012). Locomotor head movements and semicircular canal morphology in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(44), 17914\u201317919.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"9502_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-012-0349-9","volume":"13","author":"GA Manley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Manley, G. A. (2012). Evolutionary paths to mammalian cochleae. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology,13(6), 733\u2013743.","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology"},{"key":"9502_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay9220","author":"F Mao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mao, F., Hu, Y., Li, C., et al. (2019). Integrated hearing and chewing modules decoupled in a Cretaceous stem therian mammal. Science. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aay9220.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5711","key":"9502_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107202","volume":"307","author":"T Martin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Martin, T., & Luo, Z.-X. (2005). Homoplasy in the mammalian ear. Science,307(5711), 861\u2013862.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9502_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2012.10.004","volume":"301","author":"MJ Mason","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mason, M. J. (2013). Of mice, moles and guinea pigs: Functional morphology of the middle ear in living mammals. Hearing Research,301, 4\u201318.","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"key":"9502_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12316","volume":"228","author":"MJ Mason","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mason, M. J. (2016). Structure and function of the mammalian middle ear II: Inferring function from structure. Journal of Anatomy, 228, 300\u2013312.","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"9502_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2017.07.004","volume":"430","author":"C Mayer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mayer, C., & Hansen, T. F. (2017). Evolvability and robustness: A paradox restored. Journal of Theoretical Biology,430, 78\u201385.","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"key":"9502_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032409","volume":"47","author":"D Melo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Melo, D., Porto, A., Cheverud, J. M., & Marroig, G. (2016). Modularity: Genes, development and evolution. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics,47, 463\u2013486.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics"},{"issue":"3","key":"9502_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12487","volume":"229","author":"B Mennecart","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mennecart, B., & Costeur, L. (2016). Shape variation and ontogeny of the ruminant bony labyrinth, an example in Tragulidae. Journal of Anatomy,229(3), 422\u2013435.","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"9502_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09921","volume":"472","author":"J Meng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meng, J., Wang, Y., & Li, C. (2011). Transitional mammalian middle ear from a new Cretaceous Jehol eutriconodont. Nature,472, 181\u2013185.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"9502_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-009-9075-6","volume":"36","author":"P Mitteroecker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mitteroecker, P. (2009). The developmental basis of variational modularity: Insights from quantitative genetics, morphometrics, and developmental biology. Evolutionary Biology,36(4), 377\u2013385.","journal-title":"Evolutionary Biology"},{"issue":"6","key":"9502_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.03.006","volume":"46","author":"P Mitteroecker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mitteroecker, P., Gunz, P., Bernhard, M., et al. (2004). Comparison of cranial ontogenetic trajectories among hominoids. Journal of Human Evolution,46(6), 679\u2013698.","journal-title":"Journal of Human Evolution"},{"key":"9502_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syaa007","author":"P Mitteroecker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mitteroecker, P., Bartsch, S., Erkinger, C., Grunstra, N. D. S., Le Ma\u00eetre, A., & Bookstein, F. L. (2020). Morphometric variation at different spatial scales: Coordination and compensation in the emergence of organismal form. Systematic Biology, Early View. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sysbio\/syaa007.","journal-title":"Systematic Biology, Early View"},{"key":"9502_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2010.06.011","volume":"5","author":"S Neubauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Neubauer, S., Gunz, P., & Hublin, J.-J. (2010). Endocranial shape changes during growth in chimpanzees and humans: A morphometric analysis of unique and shared aspects. Journal of Human Evolution,5, 555\u2013566.","journal-title":"Journal of Human Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"9502_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.11.025","volume":"303","author":"K Oka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oka, K., Oka, S., Sasaki, T., et al. (2007). The role of TGF-\u03b2 signaling in regulating chondrogenesis and osteogenesis during mandibular development. Developmental Biology,303(1), 391\u2013404.","journal-title":"Developmental Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9502_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-011-9136-5","volume":"38","author":"M Pavli\u010dev","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pavli\u010dev, M., & Hansen, T. F. (2011). Genotype\u2013phenotype maps maximizing evolvability: Modularity revisited. Evolutionary Biology,38(4), 371\u2013389.","journal-title":"Evolutionary Biology"},{"issue":"6","key":"9502_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.01.016","volume":"27","author":"M Pavli\u010dev","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pavli\u010dev, M., & Wagner, G. P. (2012). A model of developmental evolution: Selection, pleiotropy and compensation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,27(6), 316\u2013322.","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"9502_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0069-z","volume":"20","author":"JL Payne","year":"2018","unstructured":"Payne, J. L., & Wagner, A. (2018). The causes of evolvability and their evolution. Nature Reviews Genetics,20, 24\u201338.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Genetics"},{"issue":"6","key":"9502_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.22508","volume":"320","author":"T Peterson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peterson, T., & M\u00fcller, G. B. (2013). What is evolutionary novelty? Process versus character based definitions. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution,320(6), 345\u2013350.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution"},{"issue":"1809","key":"9502_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150744","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.0744","volume":"282","author":"C Pfaff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pfaff, C., Martin, T., & Ruf, I. (2015). Bony labyrinth morphometry indicates locomotor adaptations in the squirrel-related clade (Rodentia, Mammalia). Proceedings of the Royal Society B,282(1809), 20150744.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B"},{"issue":"6","key":"9502_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20669","volume":"278","author":"C Pfaff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pfaff, C., Czerny, S., Nagel, D., et al. (2017). Functional morphological adaptations of the bony labyrinth in marsupials (Mammalia, Theria). Journal of Morphology,278(6), 742\u2013749.","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"key":"9502_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2278","volume":"9","author":"M Pigliucci","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pigliucci, M. (2008). Is evolvability evolvable? Nature Reviews Genetics,9, 75\u201382.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Genetics"},{"key":"9502_CR57","unstructured":"Reichert, C. (1837) \u00dcber die Visceralb\u00f6gen der Wirbeltiere im Allgemeinen und deren Metamorphose bei den V\u00f6geln und S\u00e4ugetieren. Archiv f. Anatomie, Physiologie und Wissensch. Medicin, 120\u2013220."},{"issue":"5711","key":"9502_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1105717","volume":"307","author":"TH Rich","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rich, T. H., Hopson, J. A., Musser, A. M., et al. (2005). Independent origins of middle ear bones in monotremes and therians. Science,307(5711), 910\u2013914.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9502_CR59","volume-title":"Order in living organisms","author":"RJ Riedl","year":"1978","unstructured":"Riedl, R. J. (1978). Order in living organisms. New York: Wiley."},{"issue":"3","key":"9502_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947808700315","volume":"87","author":"M Roberto","year":"1978","unstructured":"Roberto, M. (1978). Quantitative evaluation of postnatal bone growth in the auditory ossicles of the dog. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology,87(3), 370\u2013379.","journal-title":"Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology"},{"key":"9502_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2784-7_38","volume-title":"The evolutionary biology of hearing","author":"JJ Rosowski","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rosowski, J. J. (1992). Hearing in transitional mammals: Predictions from the middle-ear anatomy and hearing capabilities of extant mammals. In D. B. Webster, R. R. Fay, & A. N. Popper (Eds.), The evolutionary biology of hearing (pp. 615\u2013631). New York: Springer."},{"issue":"6475","key":"9502_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba3808","volume":"367","author":"JA Schultz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schultz, J. A. (2020). Eat and listen\u2014how chewing and hearing evolved. Science,367(6475), 244\u2013246.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9502_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2013.01.019","volume":"301","author":"UJ Sienknecht","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sienknecht, U. J. (2013). Developmental origin and fate of middle ear structures. Hearing Research,301, 19\u201326.","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"key":"9502_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-011-9153-4","volume":"39","author":"M Singleton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singleton, M. (2012). Postnatal cranial development in papionin primates: An alternative model for hominin evolutionary development. Evolutionary Biology,39, 499\u2013520.","journal-title":"Evolutionary Biology"},{"key":"9502_CR77","unstructured":"Sipla, J. S. (2007). The semicircular canals of birds and non-avian theropod dinosaurs. PhD Thesis. Stony Brook University."},{"issue":"26","key":"9502_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10808","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704250104","volume":"104","author":"F Spoor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Spoor, F., Garland, T., Krovitz, G., et al. (2007). The primate semicircular canal system and locomotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,104(26), 10808\u201310812.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"9502_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(1998)107:27+<211::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-V","volume":"41","author":"F Spoor","year":"1998","unstructured":"Spoor, F., & Zonneveld, F. (1998). Comparative review of the human bony labyrinth. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology,41, 211\u2013251.","journal-title":"Yearbook of Physical Anthropology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9502_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12993","volume":"235","author":"M Vasilopoulou-Kampitsi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vasilopoulou-Kampitsi, M., Goyens, J., Baeckens, S., et al. (2019a). Habitat use and vestibular system\u2019s dimensions in lacertid lizards. Journal of Anatomy,235(1), 1\u201314.","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"issue":"2","key":"9502_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blz022","volume":"127","author":"M Vasilopoulou-Kampitsi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vasilopoulou-Kampitsi, M., Goyens, J., Van Damme, R., et al. (2019b). The ecological signal on the shape of the lacertid vestibular system: Simple versus complex microhabitats. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,127(2), 260\u2013277.","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"9502_CR69","volume-title":"Robustness and evolvability in living systems","author":"A Wagner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wagner, A. (2005). Robustness and evolvability in living systems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press."},{"key":"9502_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2267","volume":"8","author":"GP Wagner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wagner, G. P., Pavlicev, M., & Cheverud, J. M. (2007). The road to modularity. Nature Reviews Genetics,8, 921\u2013931.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Genetics"},{"key":"9502_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1996.tb02339.x","volume":"50","author":"GP Wagner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wagner, G. P., & Altenberg, L. (1996). Complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability. Evolution,50, 967\u2013976.","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"1660","key":"9502_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.1390","volume":"276","author":"SA Walsh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Walsh, S. A., Barrett, P. M., Milner, A. C., et al. (2009). Inner ear anatomy is a proxy for deducing auditory capability and behaviour in reptiles and birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,276(1660), 1355\u20131360.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"7785","key":"9502_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1792-0","volume":"576","author":"H Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, H., Meng, J., & Wang, Y. (2019). Cretaceous fossil reveals a new pattern in mammalian middle ear evolution. Nature,576(7785), 102\u2013105.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9502_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/6.3.451","volume":"6","author":"DB Webster","year":"1966","unstructured":"Webster, D. B. (1966). Ear structure and function in modern mammals. American Zoologist,6, 451\u2013466.","journal-title":"American Zoologist"},{"key":"9502_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/35076601","volume":"2","author":"AO Wilkie","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wilkie, A. O., & Morriss-Kay, G. M. (2001). Genetics of craniofacial development and malformation. Nature Reviews Genetics,2, 458\u2013468.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Genetics"},{"issue":"6","key":"9502_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199906000-00016","volume":"109","author":"T Yokoyama","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yokoyama, T., Iino, Y., Kakizaki, K., & Murakami, Y. (1999). Human temporal bone study on the postnatal ossification process of auditory ossicles. The Laryngoscope,109(6), 927\u2013930.","journal-title":"The Laryngoscope"}],"container-title":["Evolutionary Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11692-020-09502-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11692-020-09502-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11692-020-09502-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T14:37:55Z","timestamp":1696171075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11692-020-09502-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["9502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11692-020-09502-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0071-3260","1934-2845"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0071-3260","type":"print"},{"value":"1934-2845","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 February 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}