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GST was performed at baseline and repeated after 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. Changes in glucose, insulin, and C-peptide responses were analyzed. Exploratory indices derived from the GST were used to assess longitudinal within-subject changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes remission occurred in 10% of patients in the RYGB group versus 0% in the BMC group. Insulin therapy was discontinued in 73% versus 33%, while oral antidiabetic medication was discontinued in 33% vs. 0%. After 24 months HbA1c, BMI and use of antidiabetic medication were lower in the RYGB group. Insulin secretion rapidly decreased and remained lower over 24 months after RYGB, while C-peptide responses were largely stable and glycemic control improved. Exploratory GST-derived indices increased after RYGB but not after BMC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this descriptive and exploratory analysis, RYGB was associated with changes consistent with improved metabolic efficiency, reflected by enhanced glycemic control and reduced insulin secretion requirements under intravenous stimulation testing conditions. These findings are hypothesis-generating and warrant confirmation in larger, methodologically controlled studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-026-08702-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T03:53:34Z","timestamp":1777262014000},"page":"3015-3026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Gastric Bypass on Beta-cell function and Insulin sensitivity in Patients with Non-Severe Obesity (BMI&lt;35\u00a0kg\/m2) and Insulin-treated Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Adisa","family":"Poljo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"R\u00fchle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Mass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter P.","family":"Nawroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Kraljevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Klasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romano","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Peterli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beat P.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amalia","family":"Gastaldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Szendr\u00f6di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian T.","family":"Billeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"8702_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000001014","volume":"261","author":"BP M\u00fcller-Stich","year":"2015","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Stich BP, Senft JD, Warschkow R, Kenngott HG, Billeter AT, Vit G, Helfert S, Diener MK, Fischer L, B\u00fcchler MW, Nawroth PP. 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