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This study was reviewed and approved by the Comit\u00e9 de \u00c9tica de la Investigaci\u00f3n con Medicamentos (CEIm) of Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, which formally waived the requirement for obtaining specific informed consent for the retrospective use of pseudo-anonymised clinical data. The committee issued a favourable opinion under protocol number CEIm 195\/24 (Acta 470, dated 24 September 2024).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All patients gave written informed consent for surgical treatment, which in our institution includes authorization for the anonymized use of clinical data for research and quality-improvement purposes. 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