{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:05:48Z","timestamp":1784541948021,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Robotic Surg"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-026-03553-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T09:33:17Z","timestamp":1784539997000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Proctoring as advanced surgical learning: the proctor\u2019s perspective in robotic surgery"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Henry J.","family":"Lujan,","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3553_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2009.0212","volume":"24","author":"EO Kwon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kwon EO, Bautista TC, Blumberg JM et al (2010) Rapid implementation of a robot-assisted prostatectomy program. J Endourol 24:461\u2013465","journal-title":"J Endourol"},{"key":"3553_CR2","unstructured":"Intuitive Surgical. Product and training disclaimer. Intuitive Surgical website. Accessed 8 February 2026."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"3553_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S114","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.2016.57.S2.S114","volume":"57","author":"GD Santok","year":"2016","unstructured":"Santok GD, Raheem AA, Kim LH et al (2016) Proctorship and mentoring: application in robotic surgery. Invest Clin Urol 57(Suppl 2):S114\u2013S120","journal-title":"Invest Clin Urol"},{"key":"3553_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-024-11503-5","volume":"39","author":"V G\u00fcnther","year":"2025","unstructured":"G\u00fcnther V, Nees F, Maass N et al (2025) How effective and sustainable is proctoring in robotic surgery? Surg Endosc 39:1985\u20131995","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"3553_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7608","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-023-10210-x","volume":"37","author":"J Straatman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Straatman J, Rahman SA, Carter NC et al (2023) Proctored adoption of robotic hiatus hernia surgery: outcomes and learning curves. Surg Endosc 37:7608\u20137615","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"3553_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-016-0613-9","volume":"11","author":"DK Bowen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bowen DK, Lindgren BW, Cheng EY, Gong EM (2017) Can proctoring affect the learning curve of robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty? J Robotic Surg 11:63\u201367","journal-title":"J Robotic Surg"},{"key":"3553_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-025-02541-9","volume":"19","author":"G Califano","year":"2025","unstructured":"Califano G, Di Bello F, Coll\u00e0 Ruvolo C et al (2025) Proctoring in robot-assisted urologic surgery: insights from a multicenter survey. J Robotic Surg 19:352","journal-title":"J Robotic Surg"},{"key":"3553_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-025-03043-4","volume":"20","author":"M Infante Altamirano","year":"2026","unstructured":"Infante Altamirano M, Lujan HJ (2026) Is proctoring in robotic surgery truly helpful? Evaluating general surgeons\u2019 perspectives. J Robotic Surg 20:86","journal-title":"J Robotic Surg"},{"key":"3553_CR9","first-page":"267","volume":"15","author":"WS Halsted","year":"1904","unstructured":"Halsted WS (1904) The training of the surgeon. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 15:267\u2013275","journal-title":"Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp"},{"key":"3553_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199705000-00002","volume":"225","author":"JL Cameron","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cameron JL (1997) William Stewart Halsted: Our surgical heritage. Ann Surg 225:445\u2013458","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"3553_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.26585","volume":"124","author":"AK Sachdeva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sachdeva AK (2021) Preceptoring, proctoring, mentoring, and coaching in surgery. J Surg Oncol 124:711\u2013721","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"3553_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000939","volume":"90","author":"KA Ericsson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ericsson KA (2015) Acquisition and maintenance of medical expertise: a perspective from the expert-performance approach with deliberate practice. Acad Med 90:1471\u20131486","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"3553_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2019.08.023","volume":"167","author":"AK Sachdeva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sachdeva AK (2020) Acquiring and maintaining lifelong expertise in surgery. Surgery 167:787\u2013792","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"3553_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61083-7","volume":"374","author":"JS Barkun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barkun JS, Aronson JK, Feldman LS et al (2009) Evaluation and stages of surgical innovations. Lancet 374:1089\u20131096","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3553_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2020.0424","volume":"155","author":"KA Vande Walle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vande Walle KA, Quamme SRP, Beasley HL et al (2020) Development and assessment of the Wisconsin Surgical Coaching Rubric. JAMA Surg 155:486\u2013492","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"3553_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004323","volume":"275","author":"JC Pradarelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pradarelli JC, Yule S, Panda N et al (2022) Surgeons\u2019 coaching techniques in the Surgical Coaching for Operative Performance Enhancement (SCOPE) program. Ann Surg 275:e91\u2013e98","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"3553_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050150","volume":"37","author":"G Plasencia","year":"1994","unstructured":"Plasencia G, Jacobs M, Verdeja JC, Viamonte M 3 (1994) Laparoscopic-assisted sigmoid colectomy and low anterior resection. Dis Colon Rectum 37:829\u2013833","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3553_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-012-0348-1","volume":"7","author":"AL Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith AL, Scott EM, Krivak TC et al (2013) Dual-console robotic surgery: a new teaching paradigm. J Robotic Surg 7:113\u2013118","journal-title":"J Robotic Surg"},{"key":"3553_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-001-0129-X","volume":"25","author":"JC Rosser Jr","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rosser JC Jr, Gabriel N, Herman B, Murayama M (2001) Telementoring and teleproctoring. World J Surg 25:1438\u20131448","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"3553_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-025-05924-7","volume":"43","author":"R Meckawy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Meckawy R, Saady M, Meckawy M et al (2025) Effectiveness of tele-proctoring in robotic surgery: systematic review of different robotic platforms. World J Urol 43:709","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"3553_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-025-03017-x","author":"RG Xavier","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xavier RG, Takayama S, Takayama S et al (2025) First report: international proctoring of robotic colorectal surgery using TELEPRO\u00ae. Surg Today. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00595-025-03017-x","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"key":"3553_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.06.082","volume":"199","author":"AJ Hung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hung AJ, Chen J, Shah A, Gill IS (2018) Telementoring and telesurgery for minimally invasive procedures. J Urol 199:355\u2013369","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"3553_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05814-3","volume":"24","author":"T Kondo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kondo T, Takahashi N, Aomatsu M, Nishigori H (2024) To teach is to learn twice, revisited: a qualitative study of how residents learn through teaching in clinical environments. BMC Med Educ 24:829","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"3553_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e417","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2011.586747","volume":"33","author":"A Gregory","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gregory A, Walker I, McLaughlin K, Peets AD (2011) Both preparing to teach and teaching positively impact learning outcomes for peer teachers. Med Teach 33:e417\u2013e422","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"3553_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-014-0416-z","volume":"42","author":"JF Nestojko","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nestojko JF, Bui DC, Kornell N, Bjork EL (2014) Expecting to teach enhances learning and organization of knowledge in free recall of text passages. Memory Cognition 42:1038\u20131048","journal-title":"Memory Cognition"},{"key":"3553_CR26","first-page":"783","volume":"46","author":"KL Ben\u00e8","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ben\u00e8 KL, Bergus G (2014) When learners become teachers: a review of peer teaching in medical student education. Fam Med 46:783\u2013787","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"key":"3553_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2011.01258.x","volume":"19","author":"WC Coates","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coates WC (2012) Being a mentor: what\u2019s in it for me? Acad Emerg Med 19:92\u201397","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"3553_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2016.1248384","volume":"39","author":"CR Budden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Budden CR, Svechnikova K, White J (2017) Why do surgeons teach? A qualitative analysis of motivation in excellent surgical educators. Med Teach 39:188\u2013194","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"3553_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2022.10.060","volume":"225","author":"A Gillis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gillis A, Zmijewski P, Corey B et al (2023) Participant perspectives on a department of surgery faculty mentoring program. Am J Surg 225:656\u2013659","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"3553_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590801929968","volume":"30","author":"K Taherian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Taherian K, Shekarchian M (2008) Mentoring for doctors. Do its benefits outweigh its disadvantages? Med Teach 30:e95\u2013e99","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"3553_CR31","first-page":"233","volume":"12","author":"A Singh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singh A, Ganpule A (2016) Rescue stitch: a minimal access surgeon\u2019s lifeboat in life-threatening intraoperative bleeding. J Minim Access Surg 12:233\u2013236","journal-title":"J Minim Access Surg"},{"key":"3553_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fingeret A, Dowdall J, Reid LM, Stein S, Zeiger M. (2026) Coaching for personal and professional development in academic surgery: a conceptual framework. J Surg Res. 320:47-54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2026.01.030"},{"key":"3553_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-022-06692-w","volume":"46","author":"CN Zivanov","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zivanov CN, Joseph J, Pereira DE, MacLeod JBA, Kauffmann RM (2022) Qualitative analysis of the host-perceived impact of unidirectional global surgery training in Kijabe, Kenya: benefits, challenges, and a desire for bidirectional exchange. World J Surg 46:2570\u20132584","journal-title":"World J Surg"}],"container-title":["Journal of Robotic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11701-026-03553-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11701-026-03553-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11701-026-03553-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T09:33:20Z","timestamp":1784540000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11701-026-03553-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11701-026-03553-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-2491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Henry J. Lujan, MD, is a consultant and proctor for Intuitive Surgical, Inc. The perspectives expressed in this article are solely those of the author and do not represent the views or positions of Intuitive Surgical, Inc. No funding was received from Intuitive Surgical or any other entity for the preparation of this manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"678"}}