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Whether they differ in yield or safety is uncertain. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review restricted to direct comparisons. We searched MEDLINE, Europe PMC, Scopus, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to 7 July 2026 for studies directly comparing RAB with CTTB in adults with PPLs. The primary outcome was strict 2024 American Thoracic Society\/American College of Chest Physicians diagnostic yield. Risk of bias was assessed with ROBINS-I and certainty with GRADE. A cohort-genealogy step identified, per outcome, the largest set of cohorts sharing no patients; only that set was pooled, with Hartung\u2013Knapp and Mantel\u2013Haenszel sensitivity analyses. Five retrospective studies from one US health system were eligible. Four share patients; at most three cohorts are mutually independent. Across those three, diagnostic yield was comparable (risk ratio [RR] 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93\u20131.06; I\u00b2=24%; Hartung\u2013Knapp 0.87\u20131.13), with an identical relative effect under strict and intermediate definitions although absolute yields fell from 88% to 74\u201384% under strict criteria. Pneumothorax requiring a chest tube and\/or admission was about three-quarters less frequent with RAB across all three cohorts (RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.14\u20130.46; I\u00b2=0%; Hartung\u2013Knapp 0.07\u20130.96). Strict yield (RR 0.99) and any pneumothorax (RR 0.06) were reported by two cohorts each and neither survives the few-studies correction. RAB took about 50\u00a0min longer than CTTB where same-session staging endobronchial ultrasound was counted in the robotic time, but only about 8\u00a0min longer than CTTB where it was not. Only one cohort reported yield by lesion size category and none reported yield by bronchus sign or lung zone, so lesion-level subgroups could not be pooled. Certainty was low for pleural complications and very low elsewhere. Low-certainty evidence indicates that RAB is associated with fewer pleural complications, with no statistically detectable difference in diagnostic yield; equivalence was not formally established. Because all evidence is retrospective, confined to one health system, and almost never stratified by lesion size or accessibility, these findings are hypothesis-generating and require a multicenter randomized trial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-026-03867-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T04:41:26Z","timestamp":1788496886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Robotic-assisted transbronchial biopsy versus computed tomography\u2013guided transthoracic needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of direct comparative studies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Atef A.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Mostafa","family":"El Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr A.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelrahman","family":"Mady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohab","family":"Hesham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousef Mohamed","family":"Hamroush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shimaa Mostafa Elnahas","family":"Wahdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa M.","family":"Kaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Ashraf","family":"Abd El Moniem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona Ibrahim","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3867_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21871","volume":"75","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, Sung H, Jemal A (2025) Cancer statistics, 2025. 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