{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:21:24Z","timestamp":1788366084523,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Robotic Surg"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-026-03917-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T04:21:36Z","timestamp":1788322896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prior minimally invasive experience and the robotic mitral valve learning curve: a focused narrative review and the tactile\u2013visual decoupling hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3205-1547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00fcbra","family":"G\u00f6za\u00e7\u0131k Karako\u00e7","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"3917_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-025-02427-w","volume":"19","author":"CS Boutros","year":"2025","unstructured":"Boutros CS, Kim MJ, El Diasty M (2025) The learning curve of robotic cardiac surgery: a scoping review. J Robot Surg 19:476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11701-025-02427-w","journal-title":"J Robot Surg"},{"key":"3917_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-026-03167-1","volume":"20","author":"M El-Gheryani","year":"2026","unstructured":"El-Gheryani M, Sherif M, Loubani M (2026) Understanding the learning curve in robotic-assisted cardiac surgery and its application on curriculum development \u2013 systematic narrative review. J Robot Surg 20:234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11701-026-03167-1","journal-title":"J Robot Surg"},{"key":"3917_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2025.08.013","volume":"121","author":"A Elsebaie","year":"2026","unstructured":"Elsebaie A, Boutros CS, Awad AK et al (2026) Defining the learning curve in minimally invasive cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 121:480\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2025.08.013","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"3917_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.15281","volume":"36","author":"A\u00dc G\u00fcll\u00fc","year":"2021","unstructured":"G\u00fcll\u00fc A\u00dc, \u015eenay \u015e, Ko\u00e7yi\u011fit M et al (2021) An analysis of the learning curve for robotic-assisted mitral valve repair. J Card Surg 36:624\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocs.15281","journal-title":"J Card Surg"},{"key":"3917_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-026-03879-3","author":"S Mu\u00f1oz Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz Gonz\u00e1lez S, Cardona Bernal S, Echavarr\u00eda ME et al (2026) Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery in a middle-income country: feasibility and learning curve in a low-volume center. J Cardiothorac Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13019-026-03879-3","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"3917_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15569845261447264","author":"H Nakai","year":"2026","unstructured":"Nakai H, Yamada A, Okubo C et al (2026) Safety and learning curve of totally endoscopic mitral valve plasty: initial 125 cases evaluated by operative time and RA-CUSUM method. Innovations (Phila). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15569845261447264","journal-title":"Innovations (Phila)"},{"key":"3917_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1097\/IMI.0000000000000438","volume":"12","author":"A Goodman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goodman A, Koprivanac M, Kelava M et al (2017) Robotic mitral valve repair: the learning curve. Innovations (Phila) 12:390\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IMI.0000000000000438","journal-title":"Innovations (Phila)"},{"key":"3917_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s11748-020-01317-2","volume":"68","author":"T Kakuta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kakuta T, Fukushima S, Shimahara Y et al (2020) Early results of robotically assisted mitral valve repair in a single institution: report of the first 100 cases. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 68:1079\u20131085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11748-020-01317-2","journal-title":"Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"3917_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2025.01.021","volume":"170","author":"J Chikwe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chikwe J, Tam D, Hasan I et al (2025) Eliminating the learning curve in robotic mitral valve repair: results from 1400 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 170:1410\u20131418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2025.01.021","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"3917_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ivag002","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivag002","volume":"41","author":"E Kadiro\u011fullar\u0131","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kadiro\u011fullar\u0131 E, Duman ZM, G\u00fcler S et al (2026) Initial experience with robotic mitral valve replacement: results from a single centre. Interdiscip Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 41:ivag002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icvts\/ivag002","journal-title":"Interdiscip Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"key":"3917_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjtc.2025.10.025","volume":"35","author":"HQ Dang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Dang HQ, Le HT, Plasencia RMA et al (2026) Totally endoscopic port access for rheumatic mitral valve replacement: clinical outcomes and a single surgeon\u2019s learning curve experience. JTCVS Tech 35:102150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xjtc.2025.10.025","journal-title":"JTCVS Tech"},{"key":"3917_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/IMI.0000000000000039","volume":"9","author":"DW Yaffee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yaffee DW, Loulmet DF, Kelly LA et al (2014) Can the learning curve of totally endoscopic robotic mitral valve repair be short-circuited? Innovations (Phila) 9:43\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IMI.0000000000000039","journal-title":"Innovations (Phila)"},{"key":"3917_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000004908","author":"LY Wei","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wei LY, Wang YC, Huang CH et al (2026) Mastering robotic cardiac surgery: the impact of structured milestones and technological integration on the learning curve and patient outcomes. Int J Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JS9.0000000000004908","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"3917_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd11030081","volume":"11","author":"SM Khairallah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khairallah SM, Rahouma M, Mick SL (2024) Transferring surgical expertise: analyzing the learning curve of robotic cardiac surgery operative time reduction when surgeon moves from one experienced center to another. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 11:81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd11030081","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"key":"3917_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.10.007","volume":"235","author":"YJ Seo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seo YJ, Sanaiha Y, Bailey KL et al (2019) Outcomes and resource utilization in robotic mitral valve repair: beyond the learning curve. J Surg Res 235:258\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2018.10.007","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"3917_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.21037\/acs-2022-rmvs-18","volume":"11","author":"UFW Franke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Franke UFW, Huether F, Ghinescu M et al (2022) Robotically assisted mitral valve surgery\u2014experience during the restart of a robotic program in Germany. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 11:596\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/acs-2022-rmvs-18","journal-title":"Ann Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"3917_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2026.01.049","volume":"122","author":"DY Tam","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tam DY, Razavi AA, Sallam A et al (2026) Mortality and reintervention after robotic mitral repair in the United States. Ann Thorac Surg 122:91\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2026.01.049","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"3917_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21037\/acs-2025-dmv-12","volume":"15","author":"A Eranki","year":"2026","unstructured":"Eranki A, Munir L, Downes D et al (2026) Outcomes of robotic repair for the degenerative mitral valve: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 15:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/acs-2025-dmv-12","journal-title":"Ann Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"3917_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.21037\/acs-2025-dmv-0175","volume":"15","author":"DJ Romary","year":"2026","unstructured":"Romary DJ, Jefferson HL, Hodges KE (2026) Robotic degenerative mitral valve repair: an evolution. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 15:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/acs-2025-dmv-0175","journal-title":"Ann Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"3917_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113908","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1113908","volume":"10","author":"A van Kampen","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Kampen A, Goudot G, Butte S et al (2023) Building a successful minimally invasive mitral valve repair program before introducing the robotic approach: the Massachusetts General Hospital experience. Front Cardiovasc Med 10:1113908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1113908","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"3917_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1159\/000520431","volume":"63","author":"C Heim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heim C, M\u00fcller PP, Massoudy P et al (2022) Pass on what you have learned: a structured mentor-mentee concept for the implementation of a minimally invasive mitral valve surgery program. Eur Surg Res 63:98\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000520431","journal-title":"Eur Surg Res"},{"key":"3917_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2020.7092","volume":"103","author":"BH Kirmani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kirmani BH, Knowles A, Saravanan P, Zacharias J (2021) Establishing minimally invasive cardiac surgery in a low-volume mitral surgery centre. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 103:444\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1308\/rcsann.2020.7092","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"3917_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.52198\/22.STI.40.CV1530","volume":"40","author":"D Maselli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maselli D, Nardella S, Santise G et al (2022) Micro-invasive 3D endoscopic mitral valve surgery. Surg Technol Int 40:227\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52198\/22.STI.40.CV1530","journal-title":"Surg Technol Int"},{"key":"3917_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ezae426","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezae426","volume":"66","author":"E Sandoval","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sandoval E, Bhoera RA, Tom\u0161i\u010d A et al (2024) Learning curve of robotic mitral repair: prospective two-centre study of proficiency and clinical outcomes. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 66:ezae426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejcts\/ezae426","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"3917_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21665","volume":"9","author":"V Cesari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cesari V, Melfi F, Gemignani A, Menicucci D (2023) Sensory substitution increases robotic surgical performance and sets the ground for a mediating role of the sense of embodiment: a systematic review. Heliyon 9:e21665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21665","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"3917_CR26","volume-title":"Human performance","author":"PM Fitts","year":"1967","unstructured":"Fitts PM, Posner MI (1967) Human performance. Brooks\/Cole, Belmont, CA"},{"key":"3917_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-024-01852-7","volume":"18","author":"SW Wong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wong SW, Crowe P (2024) Cognitive ergonomics and robotic surgery. J Robot Surg 18:110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11701-024-01852-7","journal-title":"J Robot Surg"},{"key":"3917_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47404-1","volume":"13","author":"G Caccianiga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Caccianiga G, Mooney RA, Celnik PA et al (2023) Anodal cerebellar t-DCS impacts skill learning and transfer on a robotic surgery training task. Sci Rep 13:21394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-47404-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3917_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2025.3621106","volume":"73","author":"MK Gale","year":"2026","unstructured":"Gale MK, Baker-Matsuoka K, Nisky I, Okamura AM (2026) Effect of performance feedback timing on motor learning for a surgical training task. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 73:2044\u20132053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2025.3621106","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"3917_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46641-8","volume":"13","author":"M Bergholz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bergholz M, Ferle M, Weber BM (2023) The benefits of haptic feedback in robot assisted surgery and their moderators: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 13:19215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-46641-8","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3917_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32480","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18862-6","volume":"15","author":"D Tzolov","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tzolov D, Bereuter JP, Geissler ME et al (2025) Impact of laparoscopic training, haptic feedback and visual haptic latency on virtual fine motor performance. Sci Rep 15:32480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-18862-6","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3917_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/IMI.0b013e3182a3200e","volume":"8","author":"ME Currie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Currie ME, Trejos AL, Rayman R et al (2013) Evaluating the effect of three-dimensional visualization on force application and performance time during robotics-assisted mitral valve repair. Innovations (Phila) 8:199\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IMI.0b013e3182a3200e","journal-title":"Innovations (Phila)"},{"key":"3917_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104038","volume":"83","author":"AE Emerson","year":"2026","unstructured":"Emerson AE, Gleason LT, Gleason F et al (2026) Effects of force feedback on trainee performance: a pilot study of the dV5 surgical robot. J Surg Educ 83:104038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsurg.2026.104038","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"key":"3917_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.5606\/tgkdc.dergisi.2020.19614","volume":"28","author":"B Onan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Onan B (2020) Minimal access in cardiac surgery. Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Derg 28:708\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5606\/tgkdc.dergisi.2020.19614","journal-title":"Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Derg"}],"container-title":["Journal of Robotic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11701-026-03917-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11701-026-03917-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11701-026-03917-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:03:46Z","timestamp":1788365026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11701-026-03917-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11701-026-03917-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-2491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This is a review and hypothesis article that did not involve human participants, their data or biological material, and no new data were collected; ethical approval was therefore not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"A generative artificial-intelligence tool (Anthropic Claude) was used, under the author\u2019s direction, to support literature searching and screening, data extraction and charting from the retrieved publications, and language editing. All outputs were verified by the author against the primary sources, and the author takes full responsibility for the content.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Use of generative artificial intelligence","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"939"}}