{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T15:45:43Z","timestamp":1792079143036,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Robotic Surg"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-026-04075-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T15:04:18Z","timestamp":1792076658000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Willingness to undergo autonomous robotic surgery in Jordanian medical students: a national multicenter cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1025-1068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bara M.","family":"Hammadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayar","family":"Talafha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahraa","family":"Al-Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghad","family":"Radi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taima Jamal","family":"Faqeeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayham Mohammad","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rami","family":"Ghanem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"4075_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shademan A, Decker RS, Opfermann JD, Leonard S, Krieger A, Kim PCW (May 2016) Supervised autonomous robotic soft tissue surgery. Sci Transl Med 8 337, Art. no. 337ra64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad9398","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad9398"},{"key":"4075_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saeidi H et al (2022) Autonomous robotic laparoscopic surgery for intestinal anastomosis, Sci. Robot., vol. 7, no. 62, Art. no. eabj2908, Jan. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scirobotics.abj2908","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abj2908"},{"key":"4075_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim JWB et al (2025) SRT-H: a hierarchical framework for autonomous surgery via language-conditioned imitation learning, Sci. Robot., vol. 10, no. 104, Art. no. eadt5254, Jul. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scirobotics.adt5254","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.adt5254"},{"key":"4075_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang G-Z et al (2017) Medical robotics: Regulatory, ethical, and legal considerations for increasing levels of autonomy, Sci. Robot., vol. 2, no. 4, Art. no. eaam8638, Mar. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scirobotics.aam8638","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aam8638"},{"key":"4075_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee A, Baker TS, Bederson JB, Rapoport BI (2024) Levels of autonomy in FDA-cleared surgical robots: a systematic review, NPJ Digit. Med., vol. 7, no. 1, Art. no. 103, Apr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-024-01102-y","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01102-y"},{"key":"4075_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu JY et al (2026) Sep., Patients\u2019 perceptions of ethical issues in semi-autonomous robot-assisted surgery, Surg. Endosc., vol. 40, no. 9, pp. 8026\u20138041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-026-13082-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-026-13082-z"},{"key":"4075_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Young AT, Amara D, Bhattacharya A, Wei ML (Sep. 2021) Patient and general public attitudes towards clinical artificial intelligence: a mixed methods systematic review. Lancet Digit Health 3(9):e599\u2013e611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00132-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00132-1"},{"key":"4075_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Busch F et al (2025) Multinational attitudes toward AI in health care and diagnostics among hospital patients, JAMA Netw. Open, vol. 8, no. 6, Art. no. e2514452, Jun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.14452","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.14452"},{"key":"4075_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palmisciano P, Jamjoom AAB, Taylor D, Stoyanov D, Marcus HJ (Jun. 2020) Attitudes of patients and their relatives toward artificial intelligence in neurosurgery. World Neurosurg 138:e627\u2013e633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.03.029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.03.029"},{"key":"4075_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shen S, Xie D, Ding A, Zhang L, Creighton F (2025) Factors shaping public perceptions of a range of robotic technologies in surgery: cross-sectional web-based survey, JMIR Hum. Factors, vol. 12, Art. no. e64224, Nov. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/64224","DOI":"10.2196\/64224"},{"key":"4075_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Longoni C, Bonezzi A, Morewedge CK (2019) Resistance to medical artificial intelligence, J. Consum. Res., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 629\u2013650, Dec. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jcr\/ucz013","DOI":"10.1093\/jcr\/ucz013"},{"key":"4075_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jamjoom AAB et al (2022) Autonomous surgical robotic systems and the liability dilemma, Front. Surg., vol. 9, Art. no. 1015367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsurg.2022.1015367","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.1015367"},{"key":"4075_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stai B et al (2020) Public perceptions of artificial intelligence and robotics in medicine, J. Endourol., vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 1041\u20131048, Oct. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/end.2020.0137","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2020.0137"},{"key":"4075_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brar G, Xu S, Anwar M, Talajia K, Ramesh N, Arshad SR (2024) Robotic surgery: public perceptions and current misconceptions, J. Robot. Surg., vol. 18, no. 1, Art. no. 84, Feb. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11701-024-01837-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-024-01837-6"},{"key":"4075_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chand G et al (2024) Perception of robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) among medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Robot. Surg., vol. 18, no. 1, Art. no. 95, Feb. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11701-024-01847-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-024-01847-4"},{"key":"4075_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alkousheh H et al (2026) Knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and barriers toward robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) among medical students in Jordanian universities: a multi-centre cross-sectional study, J. Robot. Surg., vol. 20, no. 1, Art. no. 146, Jan. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11701-025-03117-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-025-03117-3"},{"key":"4075_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamad M et al (2024) Artificial intelligence readiness among Jordanian medical students: using Medical Artificial Intelligence Readiness Scale for Medical Students (MAIRS-MS), J. Med. Educ. Curric. Dev., vol. 11, Art. no. 23821205241281648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23821205241281648","DOI":"10.1177\/23821205241281648"},{"key":"4075_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP (2008) The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies, J. Clin. Epidemiol., vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 344\u2013349, Apr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008"},{"key":"4075_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma A et al (2021) A consensus-based checklist for reporting of survey studies (CROSS), J. Gen. Intern. Med., vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 3179\u20133187, Oct. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-021-06737-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06737-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"4075_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50_30392","volume":"46","author":"JD Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee JD, See KA (2004) Trust in automation: designing for appropriate reliance. Hum Factors 46(1):50\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50_30392","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"4075_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang JL, Curran PG, Keeney J, Poposki EM, DeShon RP (2012) Detecting and deterring insufficient effort responding to surveys, J. Bus. Psychol., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 99\u2013114, Mar. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10869-011-9231-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-011-9231-8"},{"key":"4075_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wilson EB (Jun. 1927) Probable inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference. J Am Stat Assoc 22(158):209\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.1927.10502953","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1927.10502953"},{"key":"4075_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Christensen RHB ordinal: Regression models for ordinal data. (2026). R package version 2026.7\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.ordinal","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.ordinal"},{"issue":"2","key":"4075_CR24","first-page":"65","volume":"6","author":"S Holm","year":"1979","unstructured":"Holm S (1979) A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scand J Stat 6(2):65\u201370","journal-title":"Scand J Stat"},{"key":"4075_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Newcombe RG (Nov. 1998) Improved confidence intervals for the difference between binomial proportions based on paired data. Stat Med 17(22):2635\u20132650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19981130)17:22%3C2635::AID-SIM954%3E3.0.CO;2-C","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19981130)17:22%3C2635::AID-SIM954%3E3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"4075_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kerby DS (2014) The simple difference formula: an approach to teaching nonparametric correlation, Compr. Psychol., vol. 3, Art. no. 11.IT.3.1, Jan. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/11.IT.3.1","DOI":"10.2466\/11.IT.3.1"},{"key":"4075_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berger RL (Nov. 1982) Multiparameter hypothesis testing and acceptance sampling. Technometrics 24(4):295\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00401706.1982.10487790","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1982.10487790"},{"key":"4075_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Westreich D, Greenland S (2013) The Table 2 fallacy: presenting and interpreting confounder and modifier coefficients, Am. J. Epidemiol., vol. 177, no. 4, pp. 292\u2013298, Feb. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kws412","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws412"},{"key":"4075_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeger SL, Liang KY, Albert PS (1988) Models for longitudinal data: a generalized estimating equation approach, Biometrics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 1049\u20131060, Dec. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2531734","DOI":"10.2307\/2531734"},{"issue":"2","key":"4075_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2307\/2347760","volume":"39","author":"B Peterson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Peterson B, Harrell FE (1990) Partial proportional odds models for ordinal response variables. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 39(2):205\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2347760","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat"},{"key":"4075_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barr DJ, Levy R, Scheepers C, Tily HJ (2013) Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal, J. Mem. Lang., vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 255\u2013278, Apr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001"},{"key":"4075_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. F. Hayes and J. J. Coutts, Use omega rather than Cronbach\u2019s alpha for estimating reliability. But\u2026 Commun. Methods Meas., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1\u201324, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1080\/19312458.2020.1718629","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2020.1718629"},{"issue":"2","key":"4075_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","volume":"48","author":"Y Rosseel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosseel Y (2012) lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling. J Stat Softw 48(2):1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"4075_CR34","unstructured":"Core Team R (2025) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"4075_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates D, M\u00e4chler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67(1):1\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"4075_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lumley T (2004) Analysis of complex survey samples, J. Stat. Softw., vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v009.i08","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v009.i08"},{"key":"4075_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tran V-T, Riveros C, Ravaud P (2019) Patients\u2019 views of wearable devices and AI in healthcare: findings from the ComPaRe e-cohort, NPJ Digit. Med., vol. 2, Art. no. 53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-019-0132-y","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0132-y"},{"key":"4075_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bigman YE, Gray K (2018) People are averse to machines making moral decisions, Cognition, vol. 181, pp. 21\u201334, Dec. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.08.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.08.003"},{"key":"4075_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reis M, Reis F, Kunde W (2025) Public perception of physicians who use artificial intelligence, JAMA Netw. Open, vol. 8, no. 7, Art. no. e2521643, Jul. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.21643","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.21643"},{"key":"4075_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bracic A, Spector-Bagdady K, Towle S, Zhang R, James CA, Price WN (2026) Factors for patient trust and acceptance of medical artificial intelligence, JAMA Netw. Open, vol. 9, no. 3, Art. no. e260815, Mar. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.0815","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.0815"},{"key":"4075_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Richardson JP et al (2021) Sep., Patient apprehensions about the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare, NPJ Digit. Med., vol. 4, no. 1, Art. no. 140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-021-00509-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-021-00509-1"},{"key":"4075_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boys JA et al (Apr. 2016) Public perceptions on robotic surgery, hospitals with robots, and surgeons that use them. Surg Endosc 30(4):1310\u20131316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-015-4368-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-015-4368-6"},{"key":"4075_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ubel PA, Angott AM, Zikmund-Fisher BJ (2011) Physicians recommend different treatments for patients than they would choose for themselves, Arch. Intern. Med., vol. 171, no. 7, pp. 630\u2013634, Apr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.91","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.91"},{"key":"4075_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Sarr B, Fagerlin A, Ubel PA (2006) A matter of perspective: choosing for others differs from choosing for yourself in making treatment decisions, J. Gen. Intern. Med., vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 618\u2013622, Jun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2006.00410.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2006.00410.x"},{"key":"4075_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alhamaid YA et al (2025) Healthcare students\u2019 attitude toward robotic surgery: a cross-sectional survey, Ann. Afr. Med., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 729\u2013734, Oct. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aam.aam_113_24","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_113_24"},{"key":"4075_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jank BJ, Haas M, Riss D, Baumgartner W-D (Feb. 2021) Acceptance of patients towards task-autonomous robotic cochlear implantation: an exploratory study. Int J Med Robot 17(1):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rcs.2172","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.2172"},{"key":"4075_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szab\u00f3 B, \u0150rsi B, Csukonyi C (2024) Robots for surgeons? Surgeons for robots? Exploring the acceptance of robotic surgery in the light of attitudes and trust in robots, BMC Psychol., vol. 12, no. 1, Art. no. 45, Jan. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-024-01529-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01529-8"},{"key":"4075_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Dabbas Z et al (2026) Patient attitudes toward artificial intelligence in Jordanian healthcare: a cross-sectional survey study, PLOS Digit. Health, vol. 5, no. 7, Art. no. e0001285, Jul. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.0001285","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0001285"},{"key":"4075_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khullar D, Casalino LP, Qian Y, Lu Y, Krumholz HM, Aneja S (May 2022) Perspectives of patients about artificial intelligence in health care. JAMA Netw Open 5 5, Art. no. e2210309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.10309","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.10309"},{"key":"4075_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robertson C, Woods A, Bergstrand K, Findley J, Balser C, Slepian MJ (May 2023) Diverse patients\u2019 attitudes towards artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnosis. PLOS Digit Health 2 5, Art. no. e0000237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000237","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000237"},{"key":"4075_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cadario R, Longoni C, Morewedge CK (Dec. 2021) Understanding, explaining, and utilizing medical artificial intelligence. Nat Hum Behav 5(12):1636\u20131642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-021-01146-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01146-0"}],"container-title":["Journal of Robotic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11701-026-04075-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11701-026-04075-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11701-026-04075-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T15:04:20Z","timestamp":1792076660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11701-026-04075-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11701-026-04075-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-2491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 September 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<b>Declarations<\/b>"}},{"value":"The Ibn Sina University for Medical Sciences-Research Ethics Committee approved the study on 15 August 2026, before the pilot (26 to 30 August 2026) and the main survey (31 August to 17 September 2026) began [ISMUS-IRB # 1049\/14\/09\/2026]. The date within the reference number is the date on which the university issued the final printed approval report. Every participant gave electronic informed consent before any question appeared, and the survey collected no identifying information.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Ethics approval and consent to participate<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<b>Declarations<\/b>"}},{"value":"The study protocol was written and agreed by all authors before data collection began; it was not registered in a public registry.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Protocol registration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<b>Declarations<\/b>"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Consent for publication<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<b>Declarations<\/b>"}},{"value":"The authors declare that limited AI-assisted tools were used only for selected editorial and formatting tasks during the preparation of this manuscript. Specifically, Claude (Opus 5; Anthropic) was used to assist with the organization and presentation of figures and tables and with language editing, structural refinement, and consistency of formatting. All figures and tables were generated from RStudio output. AI was not used to develop the research question, study concept, methodology, analytical strategy, interpretation of the findings, or substantive scientific content of the manuscript. The authors independently developed the study concept, conducted and directed the research, made all analytical and interpretive decisions, and verified every reported result against the underlying analysis output. The authors take full responsibility for the accuracy, integrity, and final content of the manuscript. Addionally, the graphical abstract was created with the generative AI platform Higgsfield (Higgsfield AI) as a conceptual schematic of the stages of surgical augotnomy and our results. The authors reviewed the generated for scientific accuracy, revised it as needed, and take full responsibility for its content.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Use of artificial intelligence","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<b>Declarations<\/b>"}}],"article-number":"1107"}}