{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:23:58Z","timestamp":1792661038491,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,21]],"date-time":"2016-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458518400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern Emerg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-016-1423-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,21]],"date-time":"2016-03-21T02:53:35Z","timestamp":1458528815000},"page":"299-305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":222,"title":["Cardiovascular disease and hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: burden, risk and interventions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Francesco Paolo","family":"Cappuccio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle Avril","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1423_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006340","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006340","volume":"5","author":"OA Uthman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uthman OA, Wiysonge CS, Ota MO et al (2015) Increasing the value of health research in the WHO African Region beyond 2015\u2014 reflecting on the past, celebrating the present and building the future: a bibliometric analysis. BMJ Open 5:e006340","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1423_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","volume":"380","author":"R Lozano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K et al (2012) Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380:2095\u20132128","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1423_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61766-8","volume":"380","author":"SS Lim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD et al (2012) A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380:2224\u20132260","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1423_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60692-4","volume":"386","author":"Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators","year":"2015","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators (2015) Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 386:743\u2013800","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1423_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00128-2","volume":"386","author":"GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators","year":"2015","unstructured":"GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators (2015) Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 386:2287\u20132323","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1423_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003733","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003733","volume":"3","author":"J Powles","year":"2013","unstructured":"Powles J, Fahimi S, Micha R, Global Burden of Diseases Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group (NutriCoDE) et al (2013) Global, regional and national sodium intakes in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis of 24 h urinary sodium excretion and dietary surveys worldwide. BMJ Open 3:e003733","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1423_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304127","volume":"371","author":"J Mozaffarian D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mozaffarian D J, Fahimi S S, Singh GM, Global Burden of Diseases Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group (NUTRICODE) et al (2014) Global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 371:624\u2013634","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1423_CR8","volume-title":"Global status report on non-communicable diseases 2010","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011) Global status report on non-communicable diseases 2010. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"issue":"1","key":"1423_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001377","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001377","volume":"10","author":"S Ebrahim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ebrahim S, Pearce N, Smeeth L et al (2013) Tackling non-communicable diseases in low-and-middle-income countries: is the evidence from high-income countries all we need? PLoS Med 10(1):1001377","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1423_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq030","volume":"31","author":"BJ Gersh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gersh BJ, Sliwa K, Mayosi BM, Yusuf S (2010) Novel therapeutic concepts: the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in the developing world: global implications. Eur Heart J 31(6):642\u2013648","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1423_CR11","volume-title":"The role of CVD risk factors (WHO Global InfoBase Team). The SuRF report 2. Surveillance of chronic disease risk factors: country-level data and comparable estimates","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2005) The role of CVD risk factors (WHO Global InfoBase Team). The SuRF report 2. Surveillance of chronic disease risk factors: country-level data and comparable estimates. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"1423_CR12","volume-title":"Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2009) Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"1423_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02240-6","volume":"355","author":"RW Walker","year":"2000","unstructured":"Walker RW, McLarty DG, Kitange HM, Adult Morbidity and Mortality Project et al (2000) Stroke mortality in urban and rural Tanzania. Lancet 355:1684\u20131687","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1423_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70144-7","volume":"9","author":"R Walker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Walker R, Whiting D, Unwin N et al (2010) Stroke incidence in rural and urban Tanzania: a prospective, community-based study. Lancet Neurol 9:786\u2013792","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1423_CR15","first-page":"40","volume-title":"A global brief on hypertension. Silent killer, global public health crisis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2013) A global brief on hypertension. Silent killer, global public health crisis. World Health Organization, Geneva, p 40"},{"key":"1423_CR16","first-page":"157","volume":"15","author":"YK Seedat","year":"2004","unstructured":"Seedat YK (2004) Recommendations for hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa. Cardiovasc J S Afr 15:157\u2013158","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J S Afr"},{"key":"1423_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2001299","volume":"5","author":"HH Vorster","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vorster HH (2002) The emergence of cardiovascular disease during urbanisation of Africans. Public Health Nutr 5:239\u2013243","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"1423_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)70151-3","volume":"365","author":"PM Kearney","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K et al (2005) Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet 365:217\u2013223","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1423_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60861-7","volume":"380","author":"MM Ibrahim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ibrahim MM, Damasceno A (2012) Hypertension in developing countries. Lancet 380:611\u2013619","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1423_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000177536.53409.1a","volume":"23","author":"SM Kerry","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kerry SM, Micah FB, Plange-Rhule J et al (2005) Blood pressure and body mass index in lean rural and semi-urban subjects in West Africa. J Hypertens 23:1645\u20131651","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"1423_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31815c4d2c","volume":"19","author":"FP Cappuccio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cappuccio FP, Kerry SM, Adeyemo A et al (2008) Body size and blood pressure: an analysis of Africans and the African diaspora. Epidemiology 19:38\u201346","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"1423_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.368","volume":"80","author":"WG Couser","year":"2011","unstructured":"Couser WG, Remuzzi G, Mendis S, Tonelli M (2011) The contribution of chronic kidney disease to the global burden of major non- communicable diseases. Kidney Int 80:1258\u20131270","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1423_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi880","volume":"27","author":"C Meisinger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meisinger C, Doring A, Lowel H, KORA Study Group (2006) Chronic kidney disease and risk of incident myocardial infarction and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men and women from the general population. Eur Heart J 27:1245\u20131250","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1423_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1000726","volume":"13","author":"J Plange-Rhule","year":"1999","unstructured":"Plange-Rhule J, Phillips R, Acheampong JW et al (1999) Hypertension and renal failure in Kumasi, Ghana. J Hum Hypertens 13:37\u201340","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"1423_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7131.614","volume":"312","author":"RS Cooper","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cooper RS, Rotimi C, Kaufman JS et al (1998) Hypertension treatment and control in sub-Saharan Africa: the epidemiological basis for policy. Br Med J 312:614\u2013617","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"1423_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.26.6.886","volume":"26","author":"MM Ibrahim","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ibrahim MM, Rizk H, Appel LJ et al (1998) Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in Egypt. Results from the Egyptian National Hypertension Project (NHP). NHP Investigative Team. Hypertension 26:886\u2013890","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1423_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283282f65","volume":"27","author":"M Pereira","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pereira M, Lunet N, Azevedo A, Barros H (2009) Differences in prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension between developing and developed countries. J Hypertens 27:963\u2013975","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"1423_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000126176.03319.d8","volume":"43","author":"FP Cappuccio","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cappuccio FP, Micah FB, Emmett L et al (2004) Prevalence, detection, management and control of hypertension in Ashanti, West Africa. Hypertension 43:1017\u20131022","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1423_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f1326","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f1326","volume":"346","author":"NJ Aburto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aburto NJ, Ziolkovska A, Hooper L et al (2013) Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses. Br Med J 346:f1326","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1423_CR30","first-page":"41","volume":"7","author":"FP Cappuccio","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cappuccio FP, Capewell S (2015) Facts, issues and controversies in salt reduction for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Funct Food Rev 7(1):41\u201361","journal-title":"Funct Food Rev"},{"key":"1423_CR31","first-page":"402","volume":"343","author":"FP Cappuccio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cappuccio FP, Capewell S, Lincoln P, McPherson K (2011) Policy options to reduce population salt intake. Br Med J 343:402\u2013405","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"1423_CR32","first-page":"33","volume":"15","author":"SM Kerry","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kerry SM, Emmett L, Micah FB et al (2005) Rural and semi-urban differences in salt intake, and its dietary sources, in Ashanti, West Africa. Ethn Dis 15:33\u201339","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"1423_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)73821-6","volume":"356","author":"FP Cappuccio","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cappuccio FP, Plange-Rhule J, Phillips RO, Eastwood JB (2000) Prevention of hypertension and stroke in Africa. Lancet 356:677\u2013678","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1423_CR34","first-page":"207","volume":"12","author":"AA Adeyemo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Adeyemo AA, Prewitt TE, Luke A et al (2002) The feasibility of implementing a dietary sodium reduction intervention among free-living normotensive individuals in south west Nigeria. Ethn Dis 12:207\u2013212","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"1423_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-13","volume":"6","author":"FP Cappuccio","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cappuccio FP, Kerry SM, Micah FB et al (2006) A community programme to reduce salt intake and blood pressure in Ghana (IRSCTN 88789643). BMC Public Health 6:13","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1423_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1000516","volume":"11","author":"FP Cappuccio","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cappuccio FP (1997) Ethnicity and cardiovascular risk: variations in people of African ancestry and South Asian origin. J Hum Hypertens 11:571\u2013576","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"1423_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7545.833","volume":"332","author":"MJ Brown","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brown MJ (2006) Hypertension and ethnic group. Br Med J 332:833\u2013836","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"1423_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000125","volume":"32","author":"PA Modesti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Modesti PA, Agostoni P, Agyemang C, European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Subjects Living in or Emigrating from Low Resource Settings et al (2014) Cardiovascular risk assessment in low resources setting. A consensus document of the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk in Low Resource Settings. J Hypertens 32:951\u2013960","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"1423_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199304013281303","volume":"328","author":"BJ Materson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Materson BJ, Reda DJ, Cushman WC et al (1993) Single-drug therapy for hypertension in men. A comparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. N Engl J Med 328:914\u2013921","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1423_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.23.2981","volume":"288","author":"ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group","year":"2002","unstructured":"ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group (2002) Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 288:2981\u20132997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"1423_CR41","first-page":"350","volume":"7","author":"KO Buabeng","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buabeng KO, Matowe L, Plange-Rhule J (2004) Unaffordable drug prices: the major cause of non-compliance with hypertension medication in Ghana. J Pharm Pharm Sci 7(3):350\u2013352","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"1423_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001920","volume":"19","author":"TH Harris","year":"2005","unstructured":"Harris TH, Twumasi-Abosi V, Plange-Rhule J, Cappuccio FP (2005) Hypertension management in Kumasi: barriers and prejudice? J Hum Hypertens 19:975\u2013977","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"1423_CR43","volume-title":"Preventing chronic disease: a vital investment","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2005) Preventing chronic disease: a vital investment. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"1423_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67341-2","volume":"366","author":"K Strong","year":"2005","unstructured":"Strong K, Mathers C, Leeder S, Beaglehole R (2005) Preventing chronic disease: how many lives can we save? Lancet 366:1578\u20131582","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1423_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1425.027","volume":"1136","author":"R Nugent","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nugent R (2008) Chronic diseases in developing countries: health and economic burdens. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1136:70\u201379","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"1423_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inhe.2009.02.003","volume":"1","author":"A Alwan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alwan A, MacLean DR (2009) A review of non-communicable disease in low- and middle-income countries. Int Health 1:3\u20139","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"1423_CR47","first-page":"535","volume":"86","author":"F Lloyd-Williams","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lloyd-Williams F, O\u2019Flaherty M, Mwatsama M et al (2008) Estimating the cardiovascular mortality burden attributable to the European Common Agricultural Policy on dietary saturated fats. Bull WHO 86(7):535\u2013541","journal-title":"Bull WHO"}],"container-title":["Internal and Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11739-016-1423-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11739-016-1423-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11739-016-1423-9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]],"date-time":"2019-09-05T15:46:40Z","timestamp":1567698400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11739-016-1423-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,21]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-016-1423-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1828-0447","1970-9366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1828-0447","type":"print"},{"value":"1970-9366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,21]]}}}