{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T12:56:28Z","timestamp":1746190588290,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern Emerg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-021-02653-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T23:02:45Z","timestamp":1613084565000},"page":"1803-1811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Epidemiology of hyperkalemia in CKD patients under nephrological care: a longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Panuccio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Leonardis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rocco","family":"Tripepi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Carmela","family":"Versace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Torino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Tripepi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graziella","family":"D\u2019Arrigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Mallamaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6616-1996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmine","family":"Zoccali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2653_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2017.06.001","volume":"24","author":"BF Palmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Palmer BF, Clegg DJ (2017) Treatment of abnormalities of potassium homeostasis in CKD. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 24:319\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ackd.2017.06.001","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2653_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2017.06.004","volume":"24","author":"S Gilligan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gilligan S, Raphael KL (2017) Hyperkalemia and hypokalemia in CKD: prevalence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 24:315\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ackd.2017.06.004","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2653_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2016.01.002","volume":"6","author":"CP Kovesdy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kovesdy CP (2016) Epidemiology of hyperkalemia: an update. Kidney IntSuppl 6:3\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kisu.2016.01.002","journal-title":"Kidney IntSuppl"},{"key":"2653_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01730215","volume":"11","author":"J Luo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Luo J, Brunelli SM, Jensen DE, Yang A (2016) Association between serum potassium and outcomes in patients with reduced kidney function. Clin J Am SocNephrol 11:90\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.01730215","journal-title":"Clin J Am SocNephrol"},{"key":"2653_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx312","volume":"33","author":"RW Thomsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thomsen RW, Nicolaisen SK, Hasvold P et al (2018) Elevated potassium levels in patients with chronic kidney disease: occurrence, risk factors and clinical outcomes\u2014a Danish population-based cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 33:1610\u20131620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfx312","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2653_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy249","volume":"34","author":"A Gasparini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gasparini A, Evans M, Barany P et al (2019) Plasma potassium ranges associated with mortality across stages of chronic kidney disease: the Stockholm CREAtinine Measurements (SCREAM) project. Nephrol Dial Transplant 34:1534\u20131541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfy249","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2653_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcx118","volume":"110","author":"W Cheungpasitporn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Kittanamongkolchai W et al (2017) Impact of admission serum potassium on mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. QJM AnInt J Med 110:713\u2013719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qjmed\/hcx118","journal-title":"QJM AnInt J Med"},{"key":"2653_CR8","first-page":"1535","volume":"9","author":"ID Weiner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Weiner ID, Wingo CS (1998) Hyperkalemia: a potential silent killer. J Am SocNephrol 9:1535\u20131543","journal-title":"J Am SocNephrol"},{"key":"2653_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00496-4","volume":"109","author":"MA Perazella","year":"2000","unstructured":"Perazella MA (2000) Drug-induced hyperkalemia: old culprits and new offenders. Am J Med 109:307\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00496-4","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2653_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allon M (2014) Disorders of potassium metabolism. In: Gilbert SJ, Daniel E (eds) National Kidney foundation primer on kidney diseases, 6th edn. Weiner Elsevier, pp 90\u201399","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-4617-0.00010-8"},{"key":"2653_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.05.019","volume":"95","author":"BF Palmer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Palmer BF (2020) Potassium binders for hyperkalemia in chronic kidney disease\u2014diet, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor therapy, and hemodialysis. Mayo ClinProc 95:339\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.05.019","journal-title":"Mayo ClinProc"},{"key":"2653_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1159\/000479802","volume":"46","author":"AJ Collins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Collins AJ, Pitt B, Reaven N et al (2017) Association of serum potassium with all-cause mortality in patients with and without heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and\/or diabetes. Am J Nephrol 46:213\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000479802","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2653_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.132","volume":"169","author":"LM Einhorn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Einhorn LM, Zhan M, Hsu VD et al (2009) The frequency of hyperkalemia and its significance in chronic kidney disease. Arch Intern Med 169:1156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.132","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2653_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2016.01.004","volume":"6","author":"M Epstein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Epstein M (2016) Hyperkalemia constitutes a constraint for implementing renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibition: the widening gap between mandated treatment guidelines and the real-world clinical arena. Kidney IntSuppl 6:20\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kisu.2016.01.004","journal-title":"Kidney IntSuppl"},{"key":"2653_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.73","volume":"3","author":"A Levin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Levin A, Stevens PE, Bilous RW et al (2013) Notice. Kidney IntSuppl 3:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/kisup.2012.73","journal-title":"Kidney IntSuppl"},{"key":"2653_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.284427","volume":"311","author":"PA James","year":"2014","unstructured":"James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL et al (2014) 2014 Evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults. JAMA 311:507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.284427","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2653_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.025","volume":"70","author":"CW Yancy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B et al (2017) 2017 ACC\/AHA\/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF\/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure. J Am CollCardiol 70:776\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.025","journal-title":"J Am CollCardiol"},{"key":"2653_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"(2019) 10. Cardiovascular disease and risk management: Standards of medical care in diabetes 2019. Diabetes Care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc19S010","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19S010"},{"key":"2653_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07363","volume":"67","author":"AR Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang AR, Sang Y, Leddy J et al (2016) Antihypertensive medications and the prevalence of hyperkalemia in a large health system. Hypertension 67:1181\u20131188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07363","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2653_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i1113","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw416","volume":"32","author":"J-R Hu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hu J-R, Coresh J (2017) The public health dimension of chronic kidney disease: what we have learnt over the past decade. Nephrol Dial Transplant 32:i1113\u2013i1120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfw416","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2653_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2014.04.008","volume":"34","author":"I Lazich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lazich I, Bakris GL (2014) Prediction and management of hyperkalemia across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease. SeminNephrol 34:333\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2014.04.008","journal-title":"SeminNephrol"},{"key":"2653_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2015.03.786","volume":"18","author":"LM Latts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Latts LM, Reaven NL, Funk SE et al (2015) Hyperkalemia Is highly prevalent in patients with cardiorenal comorbidities compared to patients without these comorbidities. Value Heal 18:A135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2015.03.786","journal-title":"Value Heal"},{"key":"2653_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2019.05.018","volume":"4","author":"N Kashihara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kashihara N, Kohsaka S, Kanda E et al (2019) Hyperkalemia in real-world patients under continuous medical care in Japan. Kidney Int Reports 4:1248\u20131260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ekir.2019.05.018","journal-title":"Kidney Int Reports"},{"key":"2653_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01150112","volume":"7","author":"PA Sarafidis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sarafidis PA, Blacklock R, Wood E et al (2012) Prevalence and factors associated with hyperkalemia in predialysis patients followed in a low-clearance clinic. Clin J Am SocNephrol 7:1234\u20131241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.01150112","journal-title":"Clin J Am SocNephrol"},{"key":"2653_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c8","DOI":"10.1159\/000329511","volume":"120","author":"J Hayes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hayes J, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Lu JL et al (2012) Association of hypo- and hyperkalemia with disease progression and mortality in males with chronic kidney disease: the role of race. Nephron ClinPract 120:c8\u2013c16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000329511","journal-title":"Nephron ClinPract"},{"key":"2653_CR26","first-page":"20","volume":"21","author":"C Zoccali","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zoccali C, Leonardis D, Enia G et al (2008) The MAURO study: multiple intervention and audit in renal diseases to optimize care. J Nephrol 21:20\u201322","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"2653_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.5301\/jn.5000239","volume":"25","author":"D Leonardis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leonardis D, Mallamaci F, Enia G et al (2012) The MAURO study: Baseline characteristics and compliance with guidelines targets. J Nephrol 25:1081\u20131090","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"2653_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002","volume":"130","author":"AS Levey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Levey AS (1999) A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Ann Intern Med 130:461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2653_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01150112","volume":"8","author":"PA Sarafidis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sarafidis PA, Blacklock R, Wood E, Rumjon A, Simmonds S, Fletcher-Rogers J, Ariyanayagam R, Al-Yassin A, Sharpe C, Vinen K (2012) Prevalence and factors associated with hyperkalemia in predialysis patients followed in a low-clearance clinic. Clin J Am SocNephrol 8:1234\u20131241","journal-title":"Clin J Am SocNephrol"},{"key":"2653_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf215","volume":"157","author":"JA Hanley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hanley JA, Negassa A, de Edwardes MDB, Forrester JE (2003) Statistical analysis of correlated data using generalized estimating equations: an orientation. Am J Epidemiol 157:364\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwf215","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2653_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-019-00617-y","volume":"32","author":"S Bianchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bianchi S, Aucella F, De Nicola L et al (2019) Management of hyperkalemia in patients with kidney disease: a position paper endorsed by the Italian Society of Nephrology. J Nephrol 32:499\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40620-019-00617-y","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"2653_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7120499","volume":"7","author":"M Provenzano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Provenzano M, Minutolo R, Chiodini P, Bellizzi V, Nappi F, Russo D, Borrelli S, Garofalo C, Iodice C, De Stefano T, Conte G, Heerspink HJL, De Nicola L (2018) Competing-risk analysis of death and end stage kidney disease by hyperkalaemia status in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients receiving stable nephrology care. J Clin Med 7:499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm7120499","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2653_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v7.i5.101","volume":"7","author":"AGP Sousa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sousa AGP, de Cabral JVS, El-Feghaly WB et al (2016) Hyporeninemichypoaldosteronism and diabetes mellitus: Pathophysiology assumptions, clinical aspects and implications for management. World J Diabetes 7:101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4239\/wjd.v7.i5.101","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"2653_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1586\/eem.11.60","volume":"6","author":"R Chatterjee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chatterjee R, Yeh H-C, Edelman D, Brancati F (2011) Potassium and risk of type 2 diabetes. Expert Rev EndocrinolMetab 6:665\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/eem.11.60","journal-title":"Expert Rev EndocrinolMetab"},{"key":"2653_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-014-0196-1","volume":"37","author":"C Ben Salem","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ben Salem C, Badreddine A, Fathallah N et al (2014) Drug-induced hyperkalemia. Drug Saf 37:677\u2013692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40264-014-0196-1","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"2653_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103352","volume":"35","author":"JM Burnell","year":"1956","unstructured":"Burnell JM, Villamil MF, Uyeno BT, Scribner BH (1956) The effect in humans of extracellular pH change on the relationship between serum potassium concentration and intracellular potassium. J Clin Invest 35:935\u2013939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI103352","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"}],"container-title":["Internal and Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11739-021-02653-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11739-021-02653-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11739-021-02653-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T20:37:51Z","timestamp":1633898271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11739-021-02653-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2653"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-021-02653-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1828-0447","1970-9366"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1828-0447"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1970-9366"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"No conflict\/competing interest is related to this manuscript;","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest\/competing interest"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of our Institution.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from each participant.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"All co-authors agreed to publish this paper.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}