{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:04:28Z","timestamp":1791849868772,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]],"date-time":"2021-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]],"date-time":"2021-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005758","name":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005758","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern Emerg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) is a histopathologic description of a common form of small vessel vasculitis (SVV), that can be found in various types of vasculitis affecting the skin and internal organs. The leading clinical presentation of LCV is palpable purpura and the diagnosis relies on histopathological examination, in which the inflammatory infiltrate is composed of neutrophils with fibrinoid necrosis and disintegration of nuclei into fragments (\u201cleukocytoclasia\u201d). Several medications can cause LCV, as well as infections, or malignancy. Among systemic diseases, the most frequently associated with LCV are ANCA-associated vasculitides, connective tissue diseases, cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, IgA vasculitis (formerly known as Henoch\u2013Schonlein purpura) and hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis (HUV). When LCV is suspected, an extensive workout is usually necessary to determine whether the process is skin-limited, or expression of a systemic vasculitis or disease. A comprehensive history and detailed physical examination must be performed; platelet count, renal function and urinalysis, serological tests for hepatitis B and C viruses, autoantibodies (anti-nuclear antibodies and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies), complement fractions and IgA staining in biopsy specimens are part of the usual workout of LCV. The treatment is mainly focused on symptom management, based on rest (avoiding standing or walking), low dose corticosteroids, colchicine or different unproven therapies, if skin-limited. When a medication is the cause, the prognosis is favorable and the discontinuation of the culprit drug is usually resolutive. Conversely, when a systemic vasculitis is the cause of LCV, higher doses of corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents are required, according to the severity of organ involvement and the underlying associated disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-021-02688-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]],"date-time":"2021-03-13T01:02:32Z","timestamp":1615597352000},"page":"831-841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Diagnosis and management of leukocytoclastic vasculitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9867-2360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Fraticelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devis","family":"Benfaremo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Gabrielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2688_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000563","volume":"31","author":"M Caproni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caproni M, Verdelli A (2019) An update on the nomenclature for cutaneous vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 31(1):46\u201352","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2688_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715","volume":"65","author":"JC Jennette","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, Basu N, Cid MC, Ferrario F et al (2013) 2012 revised International Chapel hill consensus conference nomenclature of vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 65(1):1\u201311","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"2688_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40375","volume":"70","author":"CH Sunderk\u00f6tter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sunderk\u00f6tter CH, Zelger B, Chen KR, Requena L, Piette W, Carlson JA et al (2018) Nomenclature of cutaneous vasculitis: dermatologic addendum to the 2012 revised International Chapel Hill consensus conference nomenclature of vasculitides. Arthritis Rheumatol 70(2):171\u2013184","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2688_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2009.03443.x","volume":"56","author":"JA Carlson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carlson JA (2010) The histological assessment of cutaneous vasculitis. Histopathology 56(1):3\u201323","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"2688_CR5","unstructured":"Watts RA, Jolliffe VA, Grattan CEH, Elliott J, Lockwood M, Scott DGI. Cutaneous vasculitis in a defined population-Clinical and epidemiological associations. Vol. 25, Journal of Rheumatology. Department of Rheumatology, Ipswich Hospital, UK. FAU-Jolliffe, V A; 1998. p. 920\u20134."},{"issue":"5","key":"2688_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01450893","volume":"17","author":"G Haugeberg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Haugeberg G, Bie R, Bendvold A, Storm Larsen A, Johnsen V (1998) Primary vasculitis in a Norwegian community hospital: a retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol 17(5):364\u2013368","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2688_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(99)80006-7","volume":"28","author":"C Garcia-Porrua","year":"1999","unstructured":"Garcia-Porrua C, Gonzalez-Gay MA (1999) Comparative clinical and epidemiological study of hypersensitivity vasculitis versus Henoch-Schonlein purpura in adults. Semin Arthritis Rheum 28(6):404\u2013412","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"11","key":"2688_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.04.015","volume":"89","author":"A Arora","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arora A, Wetter DA, Gonzalez-Santiago TM, Davis MDP, Lohse CM (2014) Incidence of leukocytoclastic vasculitis, 1996 to 2010: a population-based study in olmsted county, minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc 89(11):1515\u20131524","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2688_CR9","first-page":"403","volume":"77","author":"R Blanco","year":"1998","unstructured":"Blanco R, Mart\u00ednez-Taboada VM, Rodr\u00edguez-Valverde V, Garc\u00eda-Fuentes M (1998) Cutaneous vasculitis in children and adults: Associated diseases and etiologic factors in 303 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 77(6):403\u2013418","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"28","key":"2688_CR10","first-page":"e4238","volume":"95","author":"K Bouiller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bouiller K, Audia S, Devilliers H, Collet E, Aubriot MH, Leguy-Seguin V et al (2016) Etiologies and prognostic factors of leukocytoclastic vasculitis with skin involvement: a retrospective study in 112 patients. Med (United States) 95(28):e4238","journal-title":"Med (United States)"},{"issue":"12","key":"2688_CR11","first-page":"e6376","volume":"96","author":"M Pastuszczak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pastuszczak M, Celi\u0144ska-L\u00f6wenhoff M, Su\u0142owicz J, Wojas-Pelc A, Musia\u0142 J (2017) Clinical study on single-organ cutaneous small vessels vasculitis (SoCSVV). Med (United States) 96(12):e6376","journal-title":"Med (United States)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2688_CR12","first-page":"77","volume":"54","author":"J Loricera","year":"2014","unstructured":"Loricera J, Blanco R, Ortiz-sanju\u00e1n F, Hern\u00e1ndez JL, Pina T, Gonz\u00e1lez-vela MC et al (2014) Single-organ cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis according to the 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature Of Vasculitides: a study of 60 patients from a series of 766 cutaneous vasculitis cases. Rheumatol (United Kingdom) 54(1):77\u201382","journal-title":"Rheumatol (United Kingdom)"},{"key":"2688_CR13","unstructured":"Gyselbrecht L, De Keyser F, Ongenae K, Naeyaert JM, Praet M, Veys EM. Etiological factors and underlying conditions in patients with leucocytoclastic vasculitis. Vol. 14, Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. FAU-De Keyser, F; 1996. p. 665\u20138."},{"issue":"3","key":"2688_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.134.3.309","volume":"134","author":"G Sais","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sais G, Vidaller A, Jucgl\u00e0 A, Servitje O, Condom E, Peyr\u00ed J (1998) Prognostic factors in leukocytoclastic vasculitis: a clinicopathologic study of 160 patients. Arch Dermatol 134(3):309\u2013315","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2688_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-012-0736-x","volume":"17","author":"KR Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen KR (2013) Skin involvement in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Clin Exp Nephrol 17(5):676\u2013682","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2688_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1982.01650170010012","volume":"118","author":"SE Mackel","year":"1982","unstructured":"Mackel SE, Jordon RE (1982) Leukocytoclastic vasculitis: a Cutaneous expression of immune complex disease. Arch Dermatol 118(5):296\u2013301","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2688_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-012-2661-4","volume":"33","author":"X He","year":"2013","unstructured":"He X, Yu C, Zhao P, Ding Y, Liang X, Zhao Y et al (2013) The genetics of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatol Int 33(6):1387\u20131395","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2688_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32835b15f7","volume":"25","author":"B Terrier","year":"2013","unstructured":"Terrier B, Cacoub P (2013) Cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: an update. Curr Opin Rheumatol 25(1):10\u201318","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2688_CR19","unstructured":"Galli M, Oreni L, Saccardo F, Castelnovo L, Filippini D, Marson P, et al HCV-unrelated cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis: the results of a prospective observational study by the Italian Group for the Study of Cryoglobulinaemias (GISC). Vol. 35, Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. Clinica delle Malattie Infettive, L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy. massimo.galli@unimi.it. FAU-Oreni, Letizia; 2017. p. 67\u201376."},{"issue":"1","key":"2688_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-1811(92)90005-V","volume":"3","author":"BW Boom","year":"1992","unstructured":"Boom BW, Mommaas AM, Vermeer BJ (1992) Presence and interpretation of vascular immune deposits in human skin: the value of direct immunofluorescence. J Dermatol Sci 3(1):26\u201334","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2688_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.35.4.321","volume":"35","author":"AL Schroeter","year":"1976","unstructured":"Schroeter AL, Conn DL, Jordon RE (1976) Immunoglobulin and complement deposition in skin of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Ann Rheum Dis 35(4):321\u2013326","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2688_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1985.01660020078022","volume":"121","author":"NP Sanchez","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sanchez NP, Van Hale HM, Daniel Su WP (1985) Clinical and histopathologic spectrum of necrotizing vasculitis: report of findings in 101 cases. Arch Dermatol 121(2):220\u2013224","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2688_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04933.x","volume":"147","author":"KR Chen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chen KR, Toyohara A, Suzuki A, Miyakawa S (2002) Clinical and histopathological spectrum of cutaneous vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Dermatol 147(5):905\u2013913","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2688_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000216817.35937.70","volume":"85","author":"M Ramos-Casals","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ramos-Casals M, Nardi N, Lagrutta M, Brito-Zer\u00f3n P, Bov\u00e9 A, Delgado G et al (2006) Vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence and clinical characteristics in 670 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 85(2):95\u2013104","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"9","key":"2688_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-014-0440-9","volume":"16","author":"L Barile-Fabris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barile-Fabris L, Hern\u00e1ndez-Cabrera MF, Barragan-Garfias JA (2014) Vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Rheumatol Rep 16(9):440","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2688_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(90)70271-I","volume":"23","author":"KA Finder","year":"1990","unstructured":"Finder KA, McCollough ML, Dixon SL, Majka AJ, Jaremko W (1990) Hypergammaglobulinemic purpura of Waldenstr\u00f6m. J Am Acad Dermatol 23(4):669\u2013676","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2688_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1159\/000247198","volume":"187","author":"S Aractingi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Aractingi S, Cadranel J, Milleron B, Saiag P, Malepar MJ, Dubertret L (1993) Sarcoidosis associated with leucocytoclastic vasculitis: a case report and review of the literature. Dermatology 187(1):50\u201353","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"2688_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Blanco MAG-GCG-PMJG-P (1998) Cutaneous vasculitis: an unusual presentation of sarcoidosis in adulthood. Scand J Rheumatol. 27(1):80\u20132.","DOI":"10.1080\/030097498441236"},{"issue":"11","key":"2688_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140390","volume":"41","author":"F Ortiz-Sanju\u00e1n","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ortiz-Sanju\u00e1n F, Blanco R, Hern\u00e1ndez JL, Pina T, Gonz\u00e1lez-Vela MC, Fern\u00e1ndez-Llaca H et al (2014) Drug-associated cutaneous vasculitis: study of 239 patients from a single referral center. J Rheumatol 41(11):2201\u20132207","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2688_CR30","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Porr\u00faa C, Gonz\u00e1lez-Gay MA, L\u00f3pez-L\u00e1zaro L (1999) Drug associated cutaneous vasculitis in adults in northwestern Spain. Vol. 26, Journal of Rheumatology. Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Xeral-Calde, Lugo, Spain. FAU-Gonzalez-Gay, M A, p. 1942\u20134."},{"issue":"12","key":"2688_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-015-0545-9","volume":"17","author":"RG Grau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grau RG (2015) Drug-induced vasculitis: new insights and a changing lineup of suspects. Curr Rheumatol Rep 17(12):71","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"2688_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.04.011","volume":"87","author":"O Sokumbi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sokumbi O, Wetter DA, Makol A, Warrington KJ (2012) Vasculitis associated with tumor Necrosis factor-\u03b1. Inhibitors Mayo Clin Proc 87(8):739\u2013745","journal-title":"Inhibitors Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2688_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.142.2.246","volume":"142","author":"P Kandula","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kandula P, Kouides PA (2006) Rituximab-induced leukocytoclastic vasculitis: a case report. Arch Dermatol 142(2):246\u2013247","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2688_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu008","volume":"53","author":"S Sakaue","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sakaue S, Sumitomo S, Kubo K, Fujio K, Yamamoto K (2014) Tocilizumab-induced leucocytoclastic vasculitis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 53(8):1529\u20131530","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"2688_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bcr2013202644","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-202644","volume":"2014","author":"KA Gonen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gonen KA, Erfan G, Oznur M, Erdogan C (2014) The first case of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura associated with rosuvastatin: colonic involvement coexisting with small intestine. BMJ Case Rep 2014:bcr2013202644","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"57","key":"2688_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.07.023","volume":"1","author":"A Tomelleri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tomelleri A, Campochiaro C, De Luca G, Cavalli G, Dagna L (2018) Anti-PD1 therapy-associated cutaneous leucocytoclastic vasculitis: A case series. Eur J Intern Med 1(57):e11\u2013e12","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2688_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922806298638","volume":"46","author":"F Greco","year":"2007","unstructured":"Greco F, Sorge A, Salvo V, Sorge G (2007) Cutaneous vasculitis associated with mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: case report and literature review. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 46(5):451\u2013453","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"issue":"12","key":"2688_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-006-0152-1","volume":"26","author":"HM Kim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kim HM, Park YB, Maeng HY, Lee SK (2006) Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis with cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis: a case report and literature review. Rheumatol Int 26(12):1154\u20131157","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"2688_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep026","volume":"48","author":"CC Belizna","year":"2009","unstructured":"Belizna CC, Hamidou MA, Levesque H, Guillevin L, Shoenfeld Y (2009) Infection and vasculitis. Rheumatology 48(5):475\u2013482","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2688_CR40","first-page":"331","volume":"92","author":"J Loricera","year":"2013","unstructured":"Loricera J, Calvo-R\u00edo V, Ortiz-Sanju\u00e1n F, Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez MA, Fern\u00e1ndez-Llaca H, Rueda-Gotor J et al (2013) The spectrum of paraneoplastic cutaneous vasculitis in a defined population: incidence and clinical features. Med (United States) 92(6):331\u2013343","journal-title":"Med (United States)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2688_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.09.732","volume":"66","author":"JO Podjasek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Podjasek JO, Wetter DA, Pittelkow MR, Wada DA (2012) Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis associated with solid organ malignancies: the Mayo Clinic experience, 1996 to 2009. J Am Acad Dermatol 66(2):e55-65","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2688_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(74)90852-3","volume":"57","author":"J-C Brouet","year":"1974","unstructured":"Brouet J-C, Clauvel J-P, Danon F, Klein M, Seligmann M (1974) Biologic and clinical significance of cryoglobulins: a report of 86 cases. Am J Med 57(5):775\u2013788","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2688_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-016-8850-6","volume":"65","author":"CM Takatu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takatu CM, Heringer APR, Aoki V, Valente NYS, de Faria Sanchez PC, de Carvalho JF et al (2017) Clinicopathologic correlation of 282 leukocytoclastic vasculitis cases in a tertiary hospital: a focus on direct immunofluorescence findings at the blood vessel wall. Immunol Res 65(1):395\u2013401","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2688_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690240061009","volume":"131","author":"G Sais","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sais G, Vidaller A, Jucgl\u00e0 A, Gallardo F, Peyr\u00ed J (1995) Colchicine in the treatment of cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis: results of a prospective randomized controlled trial. Arch Dermatol 131(12):1399\u20131402","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2688_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(87)70100-5","volume":"16","author":"MF Fredenberg","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fredenberg MF, Malkinson FD (1987) Sulfone therapy in the treatment of leukocytoclastic vasculitis: report of three cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 16(4):772\u2013778","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2688_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(84)90518-9","volume":"73","author":"LR Lopez","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lopez LR, Davis KC, Kohler PF, Schocket AL (1984) The hypocomplementemic urticarial-vasculitis syndrome: therapeutic response to hydroxychloroquine. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 73(5):600\u2013603","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2688_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1991.04510010083008","volume":"127","author":"JP Callen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Callen JP, Spencer LV, Burruss JB, Holtman J (1991) Azathioprine: an effective, Corticosteroid-sparing therapy for patients with Recalcitrant Cutaneous Lupus erythematosus or with recalcitrant cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Arch Dermatol 127(4):515\u2013522","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2688_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(91)70156-V","volume":"24","author":"JL Jorizzo","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jorizzo JL, White WL, Wise CM, Zanoffi MD, Sherertz EF (1991) Low-dose weekly methotrexate for unusual neutrophilic vascular reactions: cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa and Beh\u00e7e\u0165s disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 24(6):973\u2013978","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2688_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2011.3037","volume":"148","author":"MT Haeberle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haeberle MT, Adams WB, Callen JP (2012) Treatment of severe cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis with mycophenolate mofetil. Arch Dermatol 148(8):887\u2013888","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2688_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40178","volume":"69","author":"A Audemard-Verger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Audemard-Verger A, Terrier B, Dechartres A, Chanal J, Amoura Z, Le Gouellec N et al (2017) Characteristics and management of IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein) in adults: data from 260 patients included in a French multicenter retrospective survey. Arthritis Rheumatol 69(9):1862\u20131870","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2688_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38956","volume":"67","author":"M Jachiet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jachiet M, Flageul B, Deroux A, Le Quellec A, Maurier F, Cordoliani F et al (2015) The clinical spectrum and therapeutic management of hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis: data from a french nationwide study of fifty-seven patients. Arthritis Rheumatol 67(2):527\u2013534","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2688_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.06.008","volume":"18","author":"M Galli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Galli M, Monti G, Marson P, Scaini P, Pietrogrande M, Candela M et al (2019) Recommendations for managing the manifestations of severe and life-threatening mixed cryoglobulinemia syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 18(8):778\u2013785","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"2688_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0065-x","volume":"14","author":"M McClure","year":"2018","unstructured":"McClure M, Gopaluni S, Jayne D, Jones R (2018) B cell therapy in ANCA-associated vasculitis: current and emerging treatment options. Nat Rev Rheumatol 14(10):580\u2013591","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2688_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34331","volume":"64","author":"S De Vita","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Vita S, Quartuccio L, Isola M, Mazzaro C, Scaini P, Lenzi M et al (2012) A randomized controlled trial of rituximab for the treatment of severe cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 64(3):843\u2013853","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"2688_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40339","volume":"70","author":"F Maritati","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maritati F, Fenoglio R, Pillebout E, Emmi G, Urban ML, Rocco R et al (2018) Brief report: Rituximab for the treatment of adult-onset IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein). Arthritis Rheumatol 70(1):109\u2013114","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2688_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)00405-6","volume":"102","author":"VM Martinez-Taboada","year":"1997","unstructured":"Martinez-Taboada VM, Blanco R, Garcia-Fuentes M, Rodriguez-Valverde V (1997) Clinical features and outcome of 95 patients with hypersensitivity vasculitis. Am J Med 102(2):186\u2013191","journal-title":"Am J Med"}],"container-title":["Internal and Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11739-021-02688-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11739-021-02688-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11739-021-02688-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T03:34:06Z","timestamp":1666755246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11739-021-02688-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-021-02688-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1828-0447","1970-9366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1828-0447","type":"print"},{"value":"1970-9366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights statement"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent:"}}]}}