{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:20:28Z","timestamp":1791804028845,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012352","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern Emerg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Acute dyspnea represents one of the most frequent symptoms leading to emergency room evaluation. Its significant prognostic value warrants a careful evaluation. The differential diagnosis of dyspnea is complex due to the lack of specificity and the loose association between its intensity and the severity of the underlying pathological condition. The initial assessment of dyspnea calls for prompt diagnostic evaluation and identification of optimal monitoring strategy and provides information useful to allocate the patient to the most appropriate setting of care. In recent years, accumulating evidence indicated that lung ultrasound, along with echocardiography, represents the first rapid and non-invasive line of assessment that accurately differentiates heart, lung or extra-pulmonary involvement in patients with dyspnea. Moreover, non-invasive respiratory support modalities such as high-flow nasal oxygen and continuous positive airway pressure have aroused major clinical interest, in light of their efficacy and practicality to treat patients with dyspnea requiring ventilatory support, without using invasive mechanical ventilation. This clinical review is focused on the pathophysiology of acute dyspnea, on its clinical presentation and evaluation, including ultrasound-based diagnostic workup, and on available non-invasive modalities of respiratory support that may be required in patients with acute dyspnea secondary or associated with respiratory failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03322-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T04:31:08Z","timestamp":1685680268000},"page":"1491-1507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Acute dyspnea in the emergency department: a clinical review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3462-8253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierachille","family":"Santus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9013-3418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dejan","family":"Radovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1796-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3409-3714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Zilianti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Coppola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9260-3930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide Alberto","family":"Chiumello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0513-9311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Pecchiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"3322_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/144.4.826","volume":"144","author":"MW Elliott","year":"1991","unstructured":"Elliott MW, Adams L, Cockcroft A, MacRae KD, Murphy K, Guz A (1991) The language of breathlessness. Use of verbal descriptors by patients with cardiopulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 144:826\u2013832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm\/144.4.826","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"3322_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.5.1009","volume":"142","author":"PM Simon","year":"1990","unstructured":"Simon PM, Schwartzstein RM, Weiss JW, Fencl V, Teghtsoonian M, Weinberger SE (1990) Distinguishable types of dspnea in patients with shortness of breath. Am Rev Respir Dis 142:1009\u20131014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.5.1009","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"3322_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-2042ST","volume":"185","author":"MB Parshall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Parshall MB, Schwartzstein RM, Adams L, Banzett RB, Manning HL, Bourbeau J, Calverley PM, Gift AG, Harver A, Lareau SC, Mahler DA, Meek PM (2012) An official American Thoracic Society statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185:435\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201111-2042ST","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1016\/s0735-1097(02)02482-8","volume":"40","author":"D Logeart","year":"2002","unstructured":"Logeart D, Saudubray C, Beyne P, Thabut G, Ennezat PV, Chavelas C, Zanker C, Bouvier E, Solal AC (2002) Comparative value of Doppler echocardiography and B-type natriuretic peptide assay in the etiologic diagnosis of acute dyspnea. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1794\u20131800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0735-1097(02)02482-8","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"3322_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2005.06.007","volume":"31","author":"JP Solano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Solano JP, Gomes B, Higginson IJ (2006) A comparison of symptom prevalence in far advanced cancer, AIDS, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and renal disease. J Pain Symptom Manage 31:58\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2005.06.007","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"3322_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000604","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2020-000604","volume":"6","author":"SF S\u00f8rensen","year":"2021","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen SF, Ovesen SH, Lisby M, Mandau MH, Thomsen IK, Kirkegaard H (2021) Predicting mortality and readmission based on chief complaint in emergency department patients: a cohort study. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 6:e000604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tsaco-2020-000604","journal-title":"Trauma Surg Acute Care Open"},{"key":"3322_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0b013e32827b14dd","volume":"14","author":"U Safwenberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Safwenberg U, Ter\u00e9nt A, Lind L (2007) The emergency department presenting complaint as predictor of in-hospital fatality. Eur J Emerg Med 14:324\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MEJ.0b013e32827b14dd","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"key":"3322_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2008.00347.x","volume":"16","author":"AS Liteplo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liteplo AS, Marill KA, Villen T, Miller RM, Murray AF, Croft PE, Capp R, Noble VE (2009) Emergency thoracic ultrasound in the differentiation of the etiology of shortness of breath (ETUDES): Sonographic B-lines and N-terminal Pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide in diagnosing congestive heart failure. Acad Emerg Med 16:201\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2008.00347.x","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"3322_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.128132","volume":"94","author":"AL Baggish","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baggish AL, Lloyd-Jones DM, Blatt J, Richards AM, Lainchbury J, O\u2019Donoghue M, Sakhuja R, Chen AA, Januzzi JL (2008) A clinical and biochemical score for mortality prediction in patients with acute dyspnoea: derivation, validation and incorporation into a bedside programme. Heart 94:1032\u20131037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/hrt.2007.128132","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"3322_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A25","DOI":"10.1186\/2036-7902-6-S1-A25","volume":"6","author":"P Nazerian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nazerian P, Vanni S, Volpicelli G, Gigli C, Zanobetti M, Lamorte A, Fabbri A, Grifoni S (2014) Accuracy of point-of-care multiorgan ultrasonography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Crit Ultrasound J 6:A25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2036-7902-6-S1-A25","journal-title":"Crit Ultrasound J"},{"key":"3322_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512073332307","volume":"333","author":"HL Manning","year":"1995","unstructured":"Manning HL, Schwartzstein RM (1995) Pathophysiology of Dyspnea. N Engl J Med 333:1547\u20131553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199512073332307","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3322_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.150.8.1604","volume":"150","author":"MJ Tobin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tobin MJ (1990) Dyspnea. pathophysiologic basis, clinical presentation, and management. Arch Intern Med 150:1604\u20131613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.150.8.1604","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"3322_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470715352.ch14","volume-title":"Effect of selective peripheral nerve blocks on respiratory sensations","author":"MIM Noble","year":"1970","unstructured":"Noble MIM, Eiseled H, Trenchard D, Guz A (1970) Effect of selective peripheral nerve blocks on respiratory sensations. John Wiley, Chichester. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470715352.ch14"},{"key":"3322_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(90)90065-7","volume":"81","author":"RB Banzett","year":"1990","unstructured":"Banzett RB, Lansing RW, Brown R, Topulos GP, Yager D, Steele SM, Londo\u00f1o B, Loring SH, Reid MB, Adams L, Nations CS (1990) \u2018Air hunger\u2019 from increased PCO2 persists after complete neuromuscular block in humans. Respir Physiol 81:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0034-5687(90)90065-7","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"3322_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(94)90047-7","volume":"95","author":"PA Flume","year":"1994","unstructured":"Flume PA, Eldridge FL, Edwards LJ, Houser LM (1994) The fowler breathholding study revisited: continuous rating of respiratory sensation. Respir Physiol 95:53\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0034-5687(94)90047-7","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"3322_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1954.6.9.539","volume":"6","author":"WS Fowler","year":"1954","unstructured":"Fowler WS (1954) Breaking point of breath-holding. J Appl Physiol 6:539\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1954.6.9.539","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"3322_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0291","volume":"315","author":"G Bellani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T, Fan E, Brochard L, Esteban A, Gattinoni L, van Haren F, Larsson A, McAuley DF, Ranieri M, Rubenfeld G, Thompson BT, Wrigge H, Slutsky AS, Pesenti A (2016) Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries. JAMA 315:788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.0291","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3322_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10061285","volume":"10","author":"JA Barber\u00e0","year":"1997","unstructured":"Barber\u00e0 JA, Roca J, Ferrer A, F\u00e9lez MA, D\u00edaz O, Roger N, Rodriguez-Roisin R (1997) Mechanisms of worsening gas exchange during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 10:1285\u20131291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.97.10061285","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"3322_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.4.1312","volume":"124","author":"GJ Rodrigo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rodrigo GJ, Verde MR, Peregalli V, Rodrigo C (2003) Effects of short-term 28% and 100% oxygen on Paco2 and peak expiratory flow rate in acute asthma. Chest 124:1312\u20131317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.124.4.1312","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3322_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12023","volume":"2","author":"M Konishi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Konishi M, Akiyama E, Suzuki H, Iwahashi N, Maejima N, Tsukahara K, Hibi K, Kosuge M, Ebina T, Sakamaki K, Matsuzawa Y, Endo M, Umemura S, Kimura K (2015) Hypercapnia in patients with acute heart failure. ESC Hear Fail 2:12\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.12023","journal-title":"ESC Hear Fail"},{"key":"3322_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00594.2002","volume":"94","author":"SH Moosavi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moosavi SH, Golestanian E, Binks AP, Lansing RW, Brown R, Banzett RB (2003) Hypoxic and hypercapnic drives to breathe generate equivalent levels of air hunger in humans. J Appl Physiol 94:141\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00594.2002","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"3322_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.006","volume":"234","author":"M Pecchiari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pecchiari M, Radovanovic D, Santus P, D\u2019Angelo E (2016) Airway occlusion assessed by single breath N2 test and lung P-V curve in healthy subjects and COPD patients. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 234:60\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2016.09.006","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3322_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11060918","volume":"11","author":"C Zilianti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zilianti C, Santus P, Pecchiari M, D\u2019Angelo E, Radovanovic D (2021) Diagnostic insights from plethysmographic alveolar pressure assessed during spontaneous breathing in COPD patients. Diagnostics 11:918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11060918","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"3322_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c100025","volume-title":"Expiratory flow limitation, in: comprehensive Physiology","author":"OF Pedersen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedersen OF, Butler JP (2011) Expiratory flow limitation, in: comprehensive Physiology. John Wiley, Hoboken"},{"key":"3322_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00664.2019","volume":"129","author":"M Pecchiari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pecchiari M, Radovanovic D, Zilianti C, Saderi L, Sotgiu G, D\u2019Angelo E, Santus P (2020) Tidal expiratory flow limitation induces expiratory looping of the alveolar pressure-flow relation in COPD patients. J Appl Physiol 129:75\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00664.2019","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"3322_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.09.009","volume":"169","author":"E D\u2019Angelo","year":"2009","unstructured":"D\u2019Angelo E, Santus P, Civitillo MF, Centanni S, Pecchiari M (2009) Expiratory flow-limitation and heliox breathing in resting and exercising COPD patients. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 169:291\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2009.09.009","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3322_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.5.1625","volume":"123","author":"V Alvisi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alvisi V, Romanello A, Badet M, Gaillard S, Philit F, Gu\u00e9rin C (2003) Time course of expiratory flow limitation in copd patients during acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Chest 123:1625\u20131632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.123.5.1625","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3322_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2014.03.012","volume":"197","author":"P Santus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Santus P, Radovanovic D, Henchi S, Di Marco F, Centanni S, D\u2019Angelo E, Pecchiari M (2014) Assessment of acute bronchodilator effects from specific airway resistance changes in stable COPD patients. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 197:36\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2014.03.012","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3322_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2017.01.008","volume":"238","author":"EP Theodorakopoulou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Theodorakopoulou EP, Gennimata S-A, Harikiopoulou M, Kaltsakas G, Palamidas A, Koutsoukou A, Roussos C, Kosmas EN, Bakakos P, Koulouris NG (2017) Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on tidal expiratory flow limitation at rest and during exercise in COPD patients. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 238:47\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2017.01.008","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3322_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00493.2017","author":"M Pecchiari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pecchiari M, Santus P, Radovanovic D, D\u2019Angelo E (2017) Acute effects of long-acting bronchodilators on small airways detected in COPD patients by single-breath N2 test and lung P-V curve. J Appl Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00493.2017","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"3322_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00117508","volume":"33","author":"M Pecchiari","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pecchiari M, Anagnostakos T, D\u2019Angelo E, Roussos C, Nanas S, Koutsoukou A (2009) Effect of heliox breathing on flow limitation in chronic heart failure patients. Eur Respir J 33:1367\u20131373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.00117508","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"3322_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00627-0","volume":"35","author":"A Duguet","year":"2000","unstructured":"Duguet A, Tantucci C, Lozinguez O, Isnard R, Thomas D, Zelter M, Derenne J-P, Milic-Emili J, Similowski T (2000) Expiratory flow limitation as a determinant of orthopnea in acute left heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:690\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00627-0","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"3322_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.2.1050","volume":"128","author":"E Boni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boni E, Bezzi M, Carminati L, Corda L, Grassi V, Tantucci C (2005) Expiratory flow limitation is associated with orthopnea and reversed by vasodilators and diuretics in left heart failure. Chest 128:1050\u20131057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.128.2.1050","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3322_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(76)90050-5","volume":"26","author":"DJ Armstrong","year":"1976","unstructured":"Armstrong DJ, Luck JC, Martin VM (1976) The effect of emboli upon intrapulmonary receptors in the cat. Respir Physiol 26:41\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0034-5687(76)90050-5","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"3322_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2010.02.002","volume":"23","author":"NK Burki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Burki NK, Lee L-Y (2010) Blockade of airway sensory nerves and dyspnea in humans. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 23:279\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pupt.2010.02.002","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"3322_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008877","volume":"203","author":"AS Paintal","year":"1969","unstructured":"Paintal AS (1969) Mechanism of stimulation of type J pulmonary receptors. J Physiol 203:511\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008877","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"3322_CR37","first-page":"325","volume":"56","author":"HL Manning","year":"2001","unstructured":"Manning HL, Mahler DA (2001) Pathophysiology of dyspnea. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 56:325\u2013330","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch Chest Dis"},{"key":"3322_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1975.39.1.76","volume":"39","author":"EA Phillipson","year":"1975","unstructured":"Phillipson EA, Murphy E, Kozar LF, Schultze RK (1975) Role of vagal stimuli in exercise ventilation in dogs with experimental pneumonitis. J Appl Physiol 39:76\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1975.39.1.76","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"3322_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.03.024","volume":"120","author":"PD Stein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stein PD, Beemath A, Matta F, Weg JG, Yusen RD, Hales CA, Hull RD, Leeper KV, Sostman HD, Tapson VF, Buckley JD, Gottschalk A, Goodman LR, Wakefied TW, Woodard PK (2007) Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: data from PIOPED II. Am J Med 120:871\u2013879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.03.024","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"3322_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-014-9621-3","volume":"29","author":"KEJ Philip","year":"2015","unstructured":"Philip KEJ, Pack E, Cambiano V, Rollmann H, Weil S, O\u2019Beirne J (2015) The accuracy of respiratory rate assessment by doctors in a London teaching hospital: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Monit Comput 29:455\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10877-014-9621-3","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comput"},{"key":"3322_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.84.2.202","volume":"84","author":"MJ Tobin","year":"1983","unstructured":"Tobin MJ, Chadha TS, Jenouri G, Birch SJ, Gazeroglu HB, Sackner MA (1983) Breathing patterns. 1. Normal subjects. Chest 84:202\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.84.2.202","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3322_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.84.3.286","volume":"84","author":"MJ Tobin","year":"1983","unstructured":"Tobin MJ, Chadha TS, Jenouri G, Birch SJ, Gazeroglu HB, Sackner MA (1983) Breathing patterns 2. Diseased subjects. Chest 84:286\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.84.3.286","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3322_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2016.10.007","volume":"69","author":"AJ Singer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singer AJ, Ng J, Thode HC, Spiegel R, Weingart S (2017) Quick SOFA scores predict mortality in adult emergency department patients with and without suspected infection. Ann Emerg Med 69:475\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2016.10.007","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"3322_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.02650","volume":"59","author":"A Tulaimat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tulaimat A, Gueret RM, Wisniewski MF, Samuel J (2014) Association between rating of respiratory distress and vital signs, severity of illness, intubation, and mortality in acutely Ill subjects. Respir Care 59:1338\u20131344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.02650","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"3322_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1986.134.5.1111","volume":"134","author":"MJ Tobin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Tobin MJ, Perez W, Guenther SM, Semmes BJ, Mador MJ, Allen SJ, Lodato RF, Dantzker DR (1986) The pattern of breathing during successful and unsuccessful trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 134:1111\u20131118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/arrd.1986.134.5.1111","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"3322_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.14-1-72","volume":"14","author":"SC Bourke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bourke SC (2014) Respiratory involvement in neuromuscular disease. Clin Med (Northfield Il) 14:72\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861\/clinmedicine.14-1-72","journal-title":"Clin Med (Northfield Il)"},{"key":"3322_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.47.2.93","volume":"47","author":"S Javaheri","year":"1992","unstructured":"Javaheri S, Sicilian L (1992) Lung function, breathing pattern, and gas exchange in interstitial lung disease. Thorax 47:93\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thx.47.2.93","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"3322_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0400451","volume":"40","author":"A Guz","year":"1971","unstructured":"Guz A, Noble MIM, Eisele JH, Trenchard D (1971) The effect of lung deflation on breathing in man. Clin Sci 40:451\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/cs0400451","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"3322_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI101498","volume":"23","author":"MD Altschule","year":"1944","unstructured":"Altschule MD, Zamcheck N (1944) The effects of pleural effusion on respiration and circulation in man. J Clin Invest 23:325\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI101498","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"3322_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000865","volume":"158","author":"H Jafari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jafari H, Courtois I, Van den Bergh O, Vlaeyen JWS, Van Diest I (2017) Pain and respiration: a systematic review. Pain 158:995\u20131006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000865","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"3322_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2019.02.012","volume":"40","author":"MJ Tobin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tobin MJ (2019) Why physiology is critical to the practice of medicine: a 40-year personal perspective. Clin Chest Med 40:243\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccm.2019.02.012","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"3322_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E133","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.092092","volume":"183","author":"M Lemyze","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lemyze M, Bart F (2011) Hoover sign. Can Med Assoc J 183:E133\u2013E133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.092092","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"3322_CR53","volume-title":"Comprehensive Physiology","author":"A De Troyer","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Troyer A, Boriek AM (2011) Mechanics of the Respiratory Muscles. In: Terjung Ronald (ed) Comprehensive Physiology. Wiley, Hoboken"},{"key":"3322_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00039214","volume":"45","author":"PD Wagner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wagner PD (2015) The physiological basis of pulmonary gas exchange: implications for clinical interpretation of arterial blood gases. Eur Respir J 45:227\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.00039214","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"3322_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R145","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10268","volume":"15","author":"E Burri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burri E, Potocki M, Drexler B, Schuetz P, Mebazaa A, Ahlfeld U, Balmelli C, Heinisch C, Noveanu M, Breidthardt T, Schaub N, Reichlin T, Mueller C (2011) Value of arterial blood gas analysis in patients with acute dyspnea: an observational study. Crit Care 15:R145","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"3322_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2147\/OAEM.S228420","volume":"11","author":"N Sch\u00fctz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sch\u00fctz N, Roth D, Schwameis M, R\u00f6ggla M, Domanovits H (2019) Can venous blood gas be used as an alternative to arterial blood gas in intubated patients at admission to the emergency department? A retrospective study. Open Access Emerg Med 11:305\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OAEM.S228420","journal-title":"Open Access Emerg Med"},{"key":"3322_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","volume":"42","author":"TA McDonagh","year":"2021","unstructured":"McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, B\u00f6hm M (2021) 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 42:3599\u20133726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"3322_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1494","volume":"21","author":"C Mueller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mueller C, McDonald K, de Boer RA, Maisel A, Cleland JGF, Kozhuharov N (2019) Heart failure association of the european society of cardiology practical guidance on the use of natriuretic peptide concentrations. Eur J Heart Fail 21:715\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.1494","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"3322_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000617","author":"K Thygesen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, White HD (2018) Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Circulation. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000617","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"3322_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2014-0565","author":"P Jarolim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jarolim P (2015) High sensitivity cardiac troponin assays in the clinical laboratories. Clin Chem Lab Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2014-0565","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"3322_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2013.06.005","volume":"62","author":"M Kitamura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kitamura M, Hata N, Takayama T, Hirayama A, Ogawa M, Yamashina A, Mera H, Yoshino H, Nakamura F, Seino Y (2013) High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T for earlier diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in patients with initially negative troponin T test\u2014Comparison between cardiac markers. J Cardiol 62:336\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jjcc.2013.06.005","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"3322_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa575","volume":"42","author":"J-P Collet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Collet J-P, Thiele H, Barbato E, Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my O, Bauersachs J, Bhatt DL (2021) 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 42:1289\u20131367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa575","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"3322_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2015.06.016","volume":"8","author":"M Ferencik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ferencik M, Liu T, Mayrhofer T, Puchner SB, Lu MT, Maurovich-Horvat P, Pope JH, Truong QA, Udelson JE, Peacock WF, White CS, Woodard PK, Fleg JL, Nagurney JT, Januzzi JL, Hoffmann U (2015) hs-troponin I followed by CT angiography improves acute coronary syndrome risk stratification accuracy and work-up in acute chest pain patients. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 8:1272\u20131281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmg.2015.06.016","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"3322_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-06-165845","volume":"113","author":"SS Adam","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adam SS, Key NS, Greenberg CS (2009) D-dimer antigen: current concepts and future prospects. Blood 113:2878\u20132887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2008-06-165845","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"3322_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901647","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01647-2019","volume":"54","author":"SV Konstantinides","year":"2019","unstructured":"Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, Bueno H, Geersing G-J, Harjola V-P (2019) 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European respiratory society (ERS). Eur Respir J 54:1901647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01647-2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"3322_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.2135","volume":"311","author":"M Righini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Righini M, Van Es J, Den Exter PL, Roy P-M, Verschuren F, Ghuysen A (2014) Age-adjusted D-dimer cutoff levels to rule out pulmonary embolism. JAMA 311:1117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2014.2135","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3322_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1160\/TH04-11-0753","volume":"94","author":"M S\u00f6hne","year":"2005","unstructured":"S\u00f6hne M, Kamphuisen PW, van Mierlo PJWB, B\u00fcller HR (2005) Diagnostic strategy using a modified clinical decision rule and D-dimer test to rule out pulmonary embolism in elderly in- and outpatients. Thromb Haemost 94:206\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1160\/TH04-11-0753","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"3322_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00008306","volume":"28","author":"AM Speets","year":"2006","unstructured":"Speets AM, Hoes AW, van der Graaf Y, Kalmijn S, Sachs APE, Mali WPTM (2006) Chest radiography and pneumonia in primary care: diagnostic yield and consequences for patient management. Eur Respir J 28:933\u2013938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/09031936.06.00008306","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"97","key":"3322_CR69","first-page":"20","volume":"2013","author":"BC Maughan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maughan BC, Asselin N, Carey JL, Sucov A, Valente JH (2014) False-negative chest radiographs in emergency department diagnosis of pneumonia. R I Med J 2013(97):20\u201323","journal-title":"R I Med J"},{"key":"3322_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-008-0763-9","volume":"16","author":"ZAl Aseri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aseri ZAl (2009) Accuracy of chest radiograph interpretation by emergency physicians. Emerg Radiol 16:111\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10140-008-0763-9","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"key":"3322_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii18","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.136986","volume":"65","author":"A MacDuff","year":"2010","unstructured":"MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J (2010) Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British thoracic society pleural disease guideline 2010. Thorax 65:ii18\u2013ii31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thx.2010.136986","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"3322_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.136978","volume":"65","author":"C Hooper","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hooper C, Lee YCG, Maskell N (2010) Investigation of a unilateral pleural effusion in adults: British thoracic society pleural disease guideline 2010. Thorax 65:4\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thx.2010.136978","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"3322_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-6332(05)80373-3","volume":"3","author":"CC Blackmore","year":"1996","unstructured":"Blackmore CC, Black WC, Dallas RV, Crow HC (1996) Pleural fluid volume estimation: a chest radiograph prediction rule. Acad Radiol 3:103\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1076-6332(05)80373-3","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"3322_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","volume":"37","author":"P Ponikowski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS et al (2016) 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European society of cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the heart failure association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 37:2129\u20132200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"3322_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jes193","volume":"14","author":"AN Neskovic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neskovic AN, Hagendorff A, Lancellotti P, Guarracino F, Varga A, Cosyns B et al (2013) Emergency echocardiography: the European association of cardiovascular imaging recommendations. Eur Hear J Cardiovasc Imaging 14:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ehjci\/jes193","journal-title":"Eur Hear J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"3322_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeu210","volume":"16","author":"P Lancellotti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lancellotti P, Price S, Edvardsen T, Cosyns B, Neskovic AN, Dulgheru R, Flachskampf FA, Hassager C, Pasquet A, Gargani L, Galderisi M, Cardim N, Haugaa KH, Ancion A, Zamorano J-L, Donal E, Bueno H, Habib G (2015) The use of echocardiography in acute cardiovascular care: recommendations of the European association of cardiovascular imaging and the acute cardiovascular care association. Eur Hear J Cardiovasc Imaging 16:119\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ehjci\/jeu210","journal-title":"Eur Hear J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"3322_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.16116","author":"A Smargiassi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smargiassi A, Zanforlin A, Perrone T, Buonsenso D, Torri E, Limoli G, Mossolani EE, Tursi F, Soldati G, Inchingolo R (2022) Vertical artifacts as lung ultrasound signs. J Ultrasound Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jum.16116","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"3322_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.16088","volume":"42","author":"L Demi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Demi L, Wolfram F, Klersy C, De Silvestri A, Ferretti VV, Muller M et al (2023) New international guidelines and consensus on the use of lung ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med 42:309\u2013344","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"3322_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-021-00872-8","volume":"29","author":"M Riishede","year":"2021","unstructured":"Riishede M, Lassen AT, Baatrup G, Pietersen PI, Jacobsen N, Jeschke KN, Laursen CB (2021) Point-of-care ultrasound of the heart and lungs in patients with respiratory failure: a pragmatic randomized controlled multicenter trial. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 29:60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13049-021-00872-8","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"key":"3322_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-0435","volume":"139","author":"M Zanobetti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zanobetti M, Poggioni C, Pini R (2011) Can chest ultrasonography replace standard chest radiography for evaluation of acute dyspnea in the ED? Chest 139:1140\u20131147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.10-0435","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3322_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.02.003","volume":"151","author":"M Zanobetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zanobetti M, Scorpiniti M, Gigli C, Nazerian P, Vanni S, Innocenti F et al (2017) Point-of-care ultrasonography for evaluation of acute dyspnea in the ED. Chest 151:1295\u20131301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2017.02.003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3322_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-018-0104-5","volume":"10","author":"M Zanatta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zanatta M, Benato P, De Battisti S, Pirozzi C, Ippolito R, Cianci V (2018) Pre-hospital lung ultrasound for cardiac heart failure and COPD: is it worthwhile? Crit Ultrasound J 10:22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13089-018-0104-5","journal-title":"Crit Ultrasound J"},{"key":"3322_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-2800","volume":"134","author":"DA Lichtenstein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lichtenstein DA, Mezi\u00e8re GA (2008) Relevance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure*: the BLUE protocol. Chest 134:117\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.07-2800","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3322_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010215","volume":"12","author":"M Demi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Demi M, Buda N, Soldati G (2022) Vertical artifacts in lung ultrasonography: some common clinician questions and the related engineer answers. Diagnostics 12:215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12010215","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"3322_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12040952","volume":"12","author":"G Soldati","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soldati G, Prediletto R, Demi M, Salvadori S, Pistolesi M (2022) Operative use of thoracic ultrasound in respiratory medicine: a clinical study. Diagnostics 12:952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12040952","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"3322_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-5504","volume":"174","author":"G Gartlehner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gartlehner G, Wagner G, Affengruber L, Chapman A, Dobrescu A, Klerings I, Kaminski-Hartenthaler A, Spiel AO (2021) Point-of-care ultrasonography in patients with acute dyspnea: an evidence report for a clinical practice guideline by the American college of physicians. Ann Intern Med 174:967\u2013976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M20-5504","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"3322_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-7844","volume":"174","author":"A Qaseem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qaseem A, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, Mustafa RA, Kansagara D, Fitterman N, Wilt TJ (2021) Appropriate use of point-of-care ultrasonography in patients with acute dyspnea in emergency department or inpatient settings: a clinical guideline from the American college of physicians. Ann Intern Med 174:985\u2013993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M20-7844","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"3322_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.136986","volume":"65","author":"A MacDuff","year":"2010","unstructured":"MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J (2010) Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British thoracic society pleural disease guideline 2010. Thorax 65:18\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thx.2010.136986","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"3322_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.21118","volume":"323","author":"G Olson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Olson G, Davis AM (2020) Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. JAMA 323:885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2019.21118","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3322_CR90","first-page":"94","volume":"81","author":"D Chiumello","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chiumello D, Albaiceta GM, Caironi P, Donatelli F, Gabrielli A, Grasso S, Guarracino F, Mascia L, Rossi M, Taccone FS, Terragni P (2015) A year in review in minerva anestesiologica 2014. Critical care. Exp Clin Stud Minerva Anestesiol 81:94\u2013107","journal-title":"Exp Clin Stud Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"3322_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06459-2","volume":"47","author":"DL Grieco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grieco DL, Maggiore SM, Roca O, Spinelli E, Patel BK, Thille AW, Barbas CSV, de Acilu MG, Cutuli SL, Bongiovanni F, Amato M, Frat J-P, Mauri T, Kress JP, Mancebo J, Antonelli M (2021) Non-invasive ventilatory support and high-flow nasal oxygen as first-line treatment of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and ARDS. Intensive Care Med 47:851\u2013866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-021-06459-2","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.24.3124","volume":"294","author":"J Masip","year":"2005","unstructured":"Masip J, Roque M, S\u00e1nchez B, Fern\u00e1ndez R, Subirana M, Exp\u00f3sito JA (2005) Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 294:3124\u20133130","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3322_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.17.2.79","volume":"17","author":"AM Cross","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cross AM (2000) Review of the role of non-invasive ventilation in the emergency department. Emerg Med J 17:79\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/emj.17.2.79","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"3322_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602426","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02426-2016","volume":"50","author":"B Rochwerg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rochwerg B, Brochard L, Elliott MW, Hess D, Hill NS, Nava S, Navalesi P, Antonelli M, Brozek J, Conti G, Ferrer M, Guntupalli K, Jaber S, Keenan S, Mancebo J, Mehta S, Raoof S (2017) Official ERS\/ATS clinical practice guidelines: noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Eur Respir J 50:1602426","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"3322_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200304-489CP","volume":"169","author":"T Vassilakopoulos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vassilakopoulos T, Petrof BJ (2004) Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169:336\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200304-489CP","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c210003","author":"J Kreit","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kreit J (2022) Respiratory-cardiovascular interactions during mechanical ventilation: physiology and clinical implications. Compr Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c210003","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"3322_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06635","volume":"64","author":"NR MacIntyre","year":"2019","unstructured":"MacIntyre NR (2019) Physiologic effects of noninvasive ventilation. Respir Care 64:617\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.06635","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"3322_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201605-1081CP","volume":"195","author":"L Brochard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brochard L, Slutsky A, Pesenti A (2017) Mechanical ventilation to minimize progression of lung injury in acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 195:438\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201605-1081CP","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00692-6","volume":"10","author":"MJ Tobin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tobin MJ, Laghi F, Jubran A (2020) Caution about early intubation and mechanical ventilation in COVID-19. Ann Intensive Care 10:78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-020-00692-6","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"3322_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00708-1","volume":"10","author":"L Gattinoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gattinoni L, Marini JJ, Busana M, Chiumello D, Camporota L (2020) Spontaneous breathing, transpulmonary pressure and mathematical trickery. Ann Intensive Care 10:88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-020-00708-1","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"3322_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10122738","volume":"10","author":"G Carteaux","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carteaux G, Parfait M, Combet M, Haudebourg A-F, Tuffet S, Mekontso Dessap A (2021) Patient-self inflicted lung injury: a practical review. J Clin Med 10:2738","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"3322_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.19.13418-9","volume":"85","author":"DL Grieco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grieco DL, Menga LS, Eleuteri D, Antonelli M (2019) Patient self-inflicted lung injury: implications for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and ARDS patients on non-invasive support. Minerva Anestesiol 85:9","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"3322_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.3.345","volume":"287","author":"A Esteban","year":"2002","unstructured":"Esteban A (2002) Characteristics and outcomes in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation. A 28-day international study. JAMA 287:345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.287.3.345","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3322_CR104","volume-title":"Mechanical Ventilation","author":"NS Hill","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hill NS, Liesching T, Kwok H (2005) Indications for Non-invasive Ventilation. In: Slutsky Arthur S, Brochard Laurent (eds) Mechanical Ventilation. Springer-Verlag, Berlin\/Heidelberg"},{"key":"3322_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3693-5","volume":"41","author":"BJ Kang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kang BJ, Koh Y, Lim C-M, Huh JW, Baek S, Han M, Seo H-S, Suh HJ, Seo GJ, Kim EY, Hong S-B (2015) Failure of high-flow nasal cannula therapy may delay intubation and increase mortality. Intensive Care Med 41:623\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-015-3693-5","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(85)90364-9","volume":"55","author":"J R\u00e4s\u00e4nen","year":"1985","unstructured":"R\u00e4s\u00e4nen J, Heikkil\u00e4 J, Downs J, Nikki P, V\u00e4is\u00e4nen I, Viitanen A (1985) Continuous positive airway pressure by face mask in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Am J Cardiol 55:296\u2013300","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"3322_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjacc\/zuab078","volume":"10","author":"A Osman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Osman A, Via G, Sallehuddin RM, Ahmad AH, Fei SK, Azil A, Mojoli F, Fong CP, Tavazzi G (2021) Helmet continuous positive airway pressure vs. high flow nasal cannula oxygen in acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Hear J Acute Cardiovasc care 10:1103\u20131111","journal-title":"Eur Hear J Acute Cardiovasc care"},{"key":"3322_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199704000-00011","volume":"25","author":"S Mehta","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mehta S, Jay GD, Woolard RH, Hipona RA, Connolly EM, Cimini DM, Drinkwine JH, Hill NS (1997) Randomized, prospective trial of bilevel versus continuous positive airway pressure in acute pulmonary edema. Crit Care Med 25:620\u2013628","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200211000-00009","volume":"30","author":"K Chadda","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chadda K, Annane D, Hart N, Gajdos P, Rapha\u00ebl JC, Lofaso F (2002) Cardiac and respiratory effects of continuous positive airway pressure and noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiac pulmonary edema. Crit Care Med 30:2457\u20132461","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000139694.47326.B6","volume":"32","author":"A Bellone","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bellone A, Monari A, Cortellaro F, Vettorello M, Arlati S, Coen D (2004) Myocardial infarction rate in acute pulmonary edema: noninvasive pressure support ventilation versus continuous positive airway pressure. Crit Care Med 32:1860\u20131865","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR111","first-page":"736","volume":"90","author":"M Lin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lin M, Chiang HT (1991) The efficacy of early continuous positive airway pressure therapy in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. J Formos Med Assoc 90:736\u2013743","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"3322_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199112263252601","volume":"325","author":"AD Bersten","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bersten AD, Holt AW, Vedig AE, Skowronski GA, Baggoley CJ (1991) Treatment of severe cardiogenic pulmonary edema with continuous positive airway pressure delivered by face mask. N Engl J Med 325:1825\u20131830","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3322_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707992","volume":"359","author":"A Gray","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gray A, Goodacre S, Newby DE, Masson M, Sampson F, Nicholl Trialists JCPO (2008) Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med 359:142\u2013151","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3322_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03492-9","volume":"356","author":"J Masip","year":"2000","unstructured":"Masip J, Betbes\u00e9 AJ, P\u00e1ez J, Vecilla F, Ca\u00f1izares R, Padr\u00f3 J, Paz MA, de Otero J, Ball\u00fas J (2000) Non-invasive pressure support ventilation versus conventional oxygen therapy in acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a randomised trial. Lancet 356:2126\u20132132","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3322_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-2082-3","volume":"37","author":"S Nouira","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nouira S, Boukef R, Bouida W, Kerkeni W, Beltaief K, Boubaker H, Boudhib L, Grissa MH, Trimech MN, Boussarsar H, Methamem M, Marghli S, Ltaief M (2011) Non-invasive pressure support ventilation and CPAP in cardiogenic pulmonary edema: a multicenter randomized study in the emergency department. Intensive Care Med 37:249\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-010-2082-3","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(01)00385-7","volume":"21","author":"MA Levitt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Levitt MA (2001) A prospective, randomized trial of BiPAP in severe acute congestive heart failure. J Emerg Med 21:363\u2013369","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"3322_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.6.2057","volume":"123","author":"M Giacomini","year":"2003","unstructured":"Giacomini M, Iapichino G, Cigada M, Minuto A, Facchini R, Noto A, Assi E (2003) Short-term noninvasive pressure support ventilation prevents ICU admittance in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edemaa. Chest 123:2057\u20132061","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3322_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68506-1","volume":"367","author":"JV Peter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peter JV, Moran JL, Phillips-Hughes J, Graham P, Bersten AD (2006) Effect of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) on mortality in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a meta-analysis. Lancet 367:1155\u20131163","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3322_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R69","DOI":"10.1186\/cc4905","volume":"10","author":"JC Winck","year":"2006","unstructured":"Winck JC, Azevedo LF, Costa-Pereira A, Antonelli M, Wyatt JC (2006) Efficacy and safety of non-invasive ventilation in the treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema\u2013a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 10:R69","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"3322_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-9-201005040-00009","volume":"152","author":"C-L Weng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weng C-L, Zhao Y-T, Liu Q-H, Fu C-J, Sun F, Ma Y-L, Chen Y-W, He Q-Y (2010) Meta-analysis: noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Ann Intern Med 152:590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-152-9-201005040-00009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"3322_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005351.pub4","author":"N Berbenetz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Berbenetz N, Wang Y, Brown J, Godfrey C, Ahmad M, Vital FM, Lambiase P, Banerjee A, Bakhai A, Chong M (2019) Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (CPAP or bilevel NPPV) for cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD005351.pub4","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"3322_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819323c6","volume":"37","author":"J Brierley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brierley J, Carcillo JA, Choong K, Cornell T, Decaen A, Deymann A, Doctor A, Davis A, Duff J, Dugas MA, Duncan A, Evans B, Feldman J, Felmet K, Fisher G, Frankel L, Jeffries H, Greenwald B, Gutierrez J, Hall M, Han YY, Hanson J, Hazelzet J, Hernan L, Kiff J, Kissoon N, Kon A, Irazusta J, Lin J, Lorts A et al (2009) Clinical practice parameters for hemodynamic support of pediatric and neonatal septic shock: 2007 update from the American college of critical care medicine. Crit Care Med 37:666\u2013688","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2017.03.028","volume":"70","author":"O Makdee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Makdee O, Monsomboon A, Surabenjawong U, Praphruetkit N, Chaisirin W, Chakorn T, Permpikul C, Thiravit P, Nakornchai T (2017) High-flow nasal cannula versus conventional oxygen therapy in emergency department patients with cardiogenic pulmonary edema: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 70:465-472.e2","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"3322_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.06.074","volume":"72","author":"CL Alviar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alviar CL, Miller PE, McAreavey D, Katz JN, Lee B, Moriyama B, Soble J, van Diepen S, Solomon MA, Morrow DA (2018) Positive pressure ventilation in the cardiac intensive care unit. J Am Coll Cardiol 72:1532\u20131553","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"3322_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx580","volume":"39","author":"J Masip","year":"2018","unstructured":"Masip J, Peacock WF, Price S, Cullen L, Martin-Sanchez FJ, Seferovic P, Maisel AS, Miro O, Filippatos G, Vrints C, Christ M, Cowie M, Platz E, McMurray J, DiSomma S, Zeymer U, Bueno H, Gale CP, Lettino M, Tavares M, Ruschitzka F, Mebazaa A, Harjola V-P, Mueller C, Acute heart failure study group of the acute cardiovascular care association and the committee on acute heart failure of the heart failure association of the european society of cardiology (2018) Indications and practical approach to non-invasive ventilation in acute heart failure. Eur Heart J 39:17\u201325","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"3322_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06639-8","volume":"48","author":"N Aissaoui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aissaoui N, Hamzaoui O, Price S (2022) Ten questions ICU specialists should address when managing cardiogenic acute pulmonary oedema. Intensive Care Med 48:482\u2013485","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.9524","volume":"324","author":"BL Ferreyro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferreyro BL, Angriman F, Munshi L, Del Sorbo L, Ferguson ND, Rochwerg B, Ryu MJ, Saskin R, Wunsch H, da Costa BR, Scales DC (2020) Association of noninvasive oxygenation strategies with all-cause mortality in adults with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. JAMA 324:57","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3322_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5444","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10225444","volume":"10","author":"S Coppola","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coppola S, Santus P, Sotgiu G, Mondoni M, Gandola A, Saad M, Sferrazza Papa GF, Centanni S, Saderi L, Chiumello DA, Radovanovic D (2021) Feasibility and clinical outcomes of a step up noninvasive respiratory support strategy in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. J Clin Med 10:5444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10225444","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"3322_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.007","volume":"65","author":"D Radovanovic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Radovanovic D, Coppola S, Franceschi E, Gervasoni F, Duscio E, Chiumello DA, Santus P (2021) Mortality and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia treated with non-invasive respiratory support: a rapid review. J Crit Care 65:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.007","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"3322_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.21.15486-0","volume":"87","author":"D Radovanovic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Radovanovic D, Santus P, Coppola S, Saad M, Pini S, Giuliani F, Mondoni M, Chiumello DA (2021) Characteristics, outcomes and global trends of respiratory support in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia: a scoping review. Minerva Anestesiol 87:915\u2013926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S0375-9393.21.15486-0","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"3322_CR131","first-page":"253","volume-title":"McGraw Hill Med","author":"P Navalesi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Navalesi P, Maggiore SM (2013) Chapter 10 Positive end-expiratory pressure Princ Pract Mech Vent. In: Tobin MJ (ed) McGraw Hill Med, 3rd edn. McGraw Hill Medical, New York, pp 253\u2013302","edition":"3"},{"key":"3322_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-014-3325-5","volume":"40","author":"AM Brambilla","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brambilla AM, Aliberti S, Prina E, Nicoli F, Del Forno M, Nava S, Ferrari G, Corradi F, Pelosi P, Bignamini A, Tarsia P, Cosentini R, Del Forno M, Nava S, Ferrari G, Corradi F, Pelosi P, Bignamini A, Tarsia P, Cosentini R (2014) Helmet CPAP vs. oxygen therapy in severe hypoxemic respiratory failure due to pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 40:942\u2013949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-014-3325-5","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.18.2352","volume":"284","author":"C Delclaux","year":"2000","unstructured":"Delclaux C, L\u2019Her E, Alberti C, Mancebo J, Abroug F, Conti G, Gu\u00e9rin C, Schortgen F, Lefort Y, Antonelli M, Lepage E, Lemaire F, Brochard L (2000) Treatment of acute hypoxemic nonhypercapnic respiratory insufficiency with continuous positive airway pressure delivered by a face mask: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 284:2352\u20132360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.284.18.2352","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3322_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200402-226OC","volume":"172","author":"E L\u2019Her","year":"2005","unstructured":"L\u2019Her E, Deye N, Lellouche F, Taille S, Demoule A, Fraticelli A, Mancebo J, Brochard L (2005) Physiologic effects of noninvasive ventilation during acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172:1112\u20131118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200402-226OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.0028","volume":"327","author":"GD Perkins","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perkins GD, Ji C, Connolly BA, Couper K, Lall R, Baillie JK, Bradley JM, Dark P, Dave C, De Soyza A, Dennis AV, Devrell A, Fairbairn S, Ghani H, Gorman EA, Green CA, Hart N, Hee SW, Kimbley Z, Madathil S, McGowan N, Messer B, Naisbitt J, Norman C, Parekh D, Parkin EM, Patel J, Regan SE, Ross C, Rostron AJ (2022) Effect of noninvasive respiratory strategies on intubation or mortality among patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and COVID-19. JAMA 327:546","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3322_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7186","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237186","volume":"11","author":"S Pini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pini S, Radovanovic D, Saad M, Gatti M, Danzo F, Mondoni M, Aliberti S, Centanni S, Blasi F, Chiumello DA, Santus P (2022) Acute improvements of oxygenation with Cpap and clinical outcomes in severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a multicenter. Retrospect Study J Clin Med 11:7186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11237186","journal-title":"Retrospect Study J Clin Med"},{"key":"3322_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001935","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01935-2020","volume":"56","author":"S Aliberti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aliberti S, Radovanovic D, Billi F, Sotgiu G, Costanzo M, Pilocane T, Saderi L, Gramegna A, Rovellini A, Perotto L, Monzani V, Santus P, Blasi F (2020) Helmet CPAP treatment in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a multicentre cohort study. Eur Respir J 56:2001935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01935-2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"3322_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318232d75e","volume":"40","author":"Q Zhan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhan Q, Sun B, Liang L, Yan X, Zhang L, Yang J, Wang L, Ma Z, Shi L, Wei L, Li G, Yang L, Shi Z, Chen Y, Xu Q, Li W, Zhu X, Wang Z, Sun Y, Zhuo J, Liu Y, Li X, Wang C (2012) Early use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute lung injury: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med 40:455\u2013460","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200301-072OC","volume":"168","author":"M Ferrer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ferrer M, Esquinas A, Leon M, Gonzalez G, Alarcon A, Torres A (2003) Noninvasive ventilation in severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168:1438\u20131444","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808133390703","volume":"339","author":"M Antonelli","year":"1998","unstructured":"Antonelli M, Conti G, Rocco M, Bufi M, De Blasi RA, Vivino G, Gasparetto A, Meduri GU (1998) A Comparison of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 339:429\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199808133390703","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3322_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.3.9808143","volume":"161","author":"TJ Martin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Martin TJ, Hovis JD, Costantino JP, Bierman MI, Donahoe MP, Rogers RM, Kreit JW, Sciurba FC, Stiller RA, Sanders MH (2000) A randomized, prospective evaluation of noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:807\u2013813","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.107.3.761","volume":"107","author":"M Wysocki","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wysocki M, Tric L, Wolff MA, Millet H, Herman B (1995) Noninvasive pressure support ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Chest 107:761\u2013768","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3322_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001149","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2021-001149","volume":"9","author":"D Jayasimhan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jayasimhan D, Martynoga RA, Fairweather SM, Chang CL (2022) Non-invasive ventilation for acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure: a propensity-matched cohort study. BMJ Open Respir Res 9:e001149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjresp-2021-001149","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"3322_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201606-1306OC","volume":"195","author":"G Bellani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T, Madotto F, Fan E, Brochard L, Esteban A, Gattinoni L, Bumbasirevic V, Piquilloud L, van Haren F, Larsson A, McAuley DF, Bauer PR, Arabi YM, Ranieri M, Antonelli M, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, Wrigge H, Slutsky AS, Pesenti A (2017) Noninvasive ventilation of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Insights from the LUNG SAFE study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 195:67\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201606-1306OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2475-6","volume":"38","author":"A Carrillo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carrillo A, Gonzalez-Diaz G, Ferrer M, Martinez-Quintana ME, Lopez-Martinez A, Llamas N, Alcazar M, Torres A (2012) Non-invasive ventilation in community-acquired pneumonia and severe acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med 38:458\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-012-2475-6","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0324-1","volume":"32","author":"A Demoule","year":"2006","unstructured":"Demoule A, Girou E, Richard J-C, Taille S, Brochard L (2006) Benefits and risks of success or failure of noninvasive ventilation. Intensive Care Med 32:1756\u20131765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-006-0324-1","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-001-1114-4","volume":"27","author":"M Antonelli","year":"2001","unstructured":"Antonelli M, Conti G, Moro M, Esquinas A, Gonzalez-Diaz G, Confalonieri M, Pelaia P, Principi T, Gregoretti C, Beltrame F, Pennisi M, Arcangeli A, Proietti R, Passariello M, Meduri G (2001) Predictors of failure of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a multi-center study. Intensive Care Med 27:1718\u20131728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-001-1114-4","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000251821.44259.F3","volume":"35","author":"M Antonelli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Antonelli M, Conti G, Esquinas A, Montini L, Maggiore SM, Bello G, Rocco M, Maviglia R, Pennisi MA, Gonzalez-Diaz G, Meduri GU (2007) A multiple-center survey on the use in clinical practice of noninvasive ventilation as a first-line intervention for acute respiratory distress syndrome*. Crit Care Med 35:18\u201325","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-008-0637-z","volume":"22","author":"Y Yoshida","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yoshida Y, Takeda S, Akada S, Hongo T, Tanaka K, Sakamoto A (2008) Factors predicting successful noninvasive ventilation in acute lung injury. J Anesth 22:201\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00540-008-0637-z","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"3322_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201912-2512OC","volume":"202","author":"R Tonelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tonelli R, Fantini R, Tabb\u00ec L, Castaniere I, Pisani L, Pellegrino MR, Della Casa G, D\u2019Amico R, Girardis M, Nava S, Clini EM, Marchioni A (2020) Early inspiratory effort assessment by esophageal manometry predicts noninvasive ventilation outcome in de novo respiratory failure. a pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 202:558\u2013567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201912-2512OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201904-0841OC","volume":"201","author":"DL Grieco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grieco DL, Menga LS, Raggi V, Bongiovanni F, Anzellotti GM, Tanzarella ES, Bocci MG, Mercurio G, Dell\u2019Anna AM, Eleuteri D, Bello G, Maviglia R, Conti G, Maggiore SM, Antonelli M (2020) Physiological comparison of high-flow nasal cannula and helmet noninvasive ventilation in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 201:303\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201904-0841OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R269","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13103","volume":"17","author":"AW Thille","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thille AW, Contou D, Fragnoli C, C\u00f3rdoba-Izquierdo A, Boissier F, Brun-Buisson C (2013) Non-invasive ventilation for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: intubation rate and risk factors. Crit Care 17:R269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc13103","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"3322_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001379","volume":"44","author":"G Carteaux","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carteaux G, Mill\u00e1n-Guilarte T, De Prost N, Razazi K, Abid S, Thille AW, Schortgen F, Brochard L, Brun-Buisson C, Mekontso Dessap A (2016) Failure of noninvasive ventilation for de novo acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 44:282\u2013290","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11875","volume":"17","author":"AM Esquinas Rodriguez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Esquinas Rodriguez AM, Papadakos PJ, Carron M, Cosentini R, Chiumello D (2013) Clinical review: helmet and non-invasive mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. Crit Care 17:223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc11875","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"3322_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.6338","volume":"315","author":"BK Patel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patel BK, Wolfe KS, Pohlman AS, Hall JB, Kress JP (2016) Effect of noninvasive ventilation delivered by helmet vs face mask on the rate of endotracheal intubation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA 315:2435\u20132441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.6338","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3322_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2016.08.35","volume":"4","author":"R Coudroy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Coudroy R, Frat J-P, Thille AW (2016) Should we carry out noninvasive ventilation using a helmet in acute respiratory distress syndrome? Ann Transl Med 4:351\u2013351","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"3322_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101574","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01574-2021","volume":"59","author":"S Oczkowski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oczkowski S, Ergan B, Bos L, Chatwin M, Ferrer M, Gregoretti C, Heunks L, Frat J-P, Longhini F, Nava S, Navalesi P, Ozsancak U\u011furlu A, Pisani L, Renda T, Thille AW, Winck JC, Windisch W, Tonia T, Boyd J, Sotgiu G, Scala R (2022) ERS clinical practice guidelines: high-flow nasal cannula in acute respiratory failure. Eur Respir J 59:2101574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01574-2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"3322_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.04.007","volume":"103","author":"K Dysart","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dysart K, Miller TL, Wolfson MR, Shaffer TH (2009) Research in high flow therapy: mechanisms of action. Respir Med 103:1400\u20131405","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"3322_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01106","volume":"56","author":"RL Parke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Parke RL, Eccleston ML, McGuinness SP (2011) The effects of flow on airway pressure during nasal high-flow oxygen therapy. Respir Care 56:1151\u20131155","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"3322_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201605-0916OC","volume":"195","author":"T Mauri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mauri T, Turrini C, Eronia N, Grasselli G, Volta CA, Bellani G, Pesenti A (2017) Physiologic effects of high-flow nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 195:1207\u20131215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201605-0916OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702637","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02637-2017","volume":"52","author":"L Dangers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dangers L, Montlahuc C, Kouatchet A, Jaber S, Meziani F, Perbet S, Similowski T, Resche-Rigon M, Azoulay E, Demoule A (2018) Dyspnoea in patients receiving noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure: prevalence, risk factors and prognostic impact. Eur Respir J 52:1702637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02637-2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"3322_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.03075","volume":"60","author":"JP Frat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frat JP, Brugiere B, Ragot S, Chatellier D, Veinstein A, Goudet V, Coudroy R, Petitpas F, Robert R, Thille AW, Girault C (2015) Sequential application of oxygen therapy via high-flow nasal cannula and noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure: an observational pilot study. Respir Care 60:170\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.03075","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"3322_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1503326","volume":"372","author":"JP Frat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frat JP, Thille AW, Mercat A, Girault C, Ragot S, Perbet S, Prat G, Boulain T, Morawiec E, Cottereau A, Devaquet J, Nseir S, Razazi K, Mira J-P, Argaud L, Chakarian J-C, Ricard J-D, Wittebole X, Chevalier S, Herbland A, Fartoukh M, Constantin J-M, Tonnelier J-M, Pierrot M, Mathonnet A, B\u00e9duneau G, Del\u00e9tage-M\u00e9treau C, Richard J-CM, Brochard L, Robert R (2015) High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 372:2185\u20132196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1503326","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3322_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.15613","volume":"328","author":"J-P Frat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frat J-P, Quenot J-P, Badie J, Coudroy R, Guitton C, Ehrmann S, Gacouin A, Merdji H, Auchabie J, Daubin C, Dureau A-F, Thibault L, Sedillot N, Rigaud J-P, Demoule A, Fatah A, Terzi N, Simonin M, Danjou W, Carteaux G, Guesdon C, Pradel G, Besse M-C, Reignier J, Beloncle F, La Combe B, Prat G, Nay M-A, de Keizer J, Ragot S et al (2022) Effect of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen vs standard oxygen therapy on mortality in patients with respiratory failure due to COVID-19. JAMA 328:1212","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3322_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.20714","volume":"326","author":"GA Ospina-Tasc\u00f3n","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ospina-Tasc\u00f3n GA, Calder\u00f3n-Tapia LE, Garc\u00eda AF, Zarama V, G\u00f3mez-\u00c1lvarez F, \u00c1lvarez-Saa T, Pardo-Ot\u00e1lvaro S, Bautista-Rinc\u00f3n DF, Vargas MP, Aldana-D\u00edaz JL, Marulanda \u00c1, Guti\u00e9rrez A, Var\u00f3n J, G\u00f3mez M, Ochoa ME, Escobar E, Uma\u00f1a M, D\u00edez J, Tob\u00f3n GJ, Albornoz LL, Celem\u00edn Fl\u00f3rez CA, Ruiz GO, C\u00e1ceres EL, Reyes LF, Damiani LP, Cavalcanti AB, Rosso F, Moncada PA, Carvajal S, Yara J et al (2021) Effect of high-flow oxygen therapy vs conventional oxygen therapy on invasive mechanical ventilation and clinical recovery in patients with severe COVID-19. JAMA 326:2161","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5 Pt1","key":"3322_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.5.9903015","volume":"160","author":"M Confalonieri","year":"1999","unstructured":"Confalonieri M, Potena A, Carbone G, Porta RD, Tolley EA, Umberto Meduri G (1999) Acute respiratory failure in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia A prospective, randomized evaluation of noninvasive ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160(5 Pt1):1585\u20131591","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.22.2985","volume":"290","author":"E Girou","year":"2003","unstructured":"Girou E, Brun-Buisson C, Taille S, Lemaire F, Brochard L (2003) Secular trends in nosocomial infections and mortality associated with noninvasive ventilation in patients with exacerbation of COPD and pulmonary edema. JAMA 290:2985\u20132991","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3322_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13469","volume":"24","author":"V Comellini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Comellini V, Pacilli AMG, Nava S (2019) Benefits of non-invasive ventilation in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. Respirology 24:308\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/resp.13469","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"3322_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199509283331301","volume":"333","author":"L Brochard","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brochard L, Mancebo J, Wysocki M, Lofaso F, Conti G, Rauss A, Simonneau G, Benito S, Gasparetto A, Lemaire F et al (1995) Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 333:817\u2013822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199509283331301","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3322_CR170","first-page":"CD004104","volume":"7","author":"CR Osadnik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Osadnik CR, Tee VS, Carson-Chahhoud KV, Picot J, Wedzicha JA, Smith BJ (2017) Non-invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7:CD004104","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"3322_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.3.952","volume":"127","author":"GG Diaz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Diaz GG, Alcaraz AC, Talavera JCP, P\u00e9rez PJ, Rodriguez AE, Cordoba FG, Hill NS (2005) Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation to treat hypercapnic coma secondary to respiratory failure. Chest 127:952\u2013960","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3322_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.4.1018","volume":"123","author":"A Soroksky","year":"2003","unstructured":"Soroksky A, Stav D, Shpirer I (2003) A pilot prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of bilevel positive airway pressure in acute asthmatic attack. Chest 123:1018\u20131025","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3322_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340100853","volume":"27","author":"MM Fernandez","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fernandez MM, Villagra A, Blanch L, Fernandez R (2001) Non-invasive mechanical ventilation in status asthmaticus. Intensive Care Med 27:486\u2013492","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.47.0429","volume":"47","author":"T Soma","year":"2008","unstructured":"Soma T, Hino M, Kida K, Kudoh S (2008) A prospective and randomized study for improvement of acute asthma by non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV). Intern Med 47:493\u2013501","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"3322_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201510-701OC","volume":"13","author":"MS Stefan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stefan MS, Nathanson BH, Lagu T et al (2016) Outcomes of noninvasive and invasive ventilation in patients hospitalized with asthma exacerbation. Ann Am Thorac Soc 13:1096\u20131104","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"3322_CR176","first-page":"008380","volume":"12","author":"F Luo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luo F, Annane D, Orlikowski D, He L, Yang M, Zhou M, Liu GJ (2017) Invasive versus non-invasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure in neuromuscular disease and chest wall disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:008380","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"3322_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000256842.39767.41","volume":"35","author":"AG Duarte","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duarte AG, Justino E, Bigler T, Grady J (2007) Outcomes of morbidly obese patients requiring mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 35:732\u2013737","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR178","first-page":"269","volume":"15","author":"C Rabec","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rabec C, Merati M, Baudouin N, Foucher P, Ulukavac T, Reybet-Degat O (1998) Management of obesity and respiratory insufficiency. The value of dual-level pressure nasal ventilation. Rev Mal Respir 15:269\u2013278","journal-title":"Rev Mal Respir"},{"key":"3322_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05302","volume":"63","author":"C Bry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bry C, Jaffr\u00e9 S, Guyomarc\u2019h B, Corne F, Chollet S, Magnan A, Blanc FX (2018) Noninvasive ventilation in obese subjects after acute respiratory failure. Respir Care 63:28\u201335","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"3322_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201206-1101OC","volume":"186","author":"A Carrillo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carrillo A, Ferrer M, Gonzalez-Diaz G, Lopez-Martinez A, Llamas N, Alcazar M et al (2012) Noninvasive ventilation in acute Hypercapnic respiratory failure caused by obesity hypoventilation syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 186:1279\u20131285","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3322_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.2.587","volume":"128","author":"LA Perez de Llano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Perez de Llano LA, Golpe R, Ortiz Piquer M, Veres Racamonde A, Va\u2019zquez Caruncho M, Caballero Muinelos O, Alvarez Carro C (2005) Short-term and long-term effects of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. Chest 128:587\u2013594","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3322_CR182","unstructured":"Wang JJ, Jiang HY, Li Q (2015). Randomized controlled study of HFNC and NPPV in the treatment of AECOPD combined with type II respiratory failure. Chinese J Integrat Med. 1\u201315."},{"key":"3322_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165994","volume":"17","author":"Y Papachatzakis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Papachatzakis Y, Nikolaidis PT, Kontogiannis S et al (2020) High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula vs. Non-invasive ventilation in hypercapnic respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17165994","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"3322_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S206567","volume":"14","author":"J Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun J, Li Y, Ling B et al (2019) High flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy versus non-invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with acute-moderate hypercapnic respiratory failure: an observational cohort study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 14:1229\u20131237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/COPD.S206567","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"3322_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7406457","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7406457.eCollection","volume":"2020","author":"Y Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang Y, Lei W, Zhang W, Huang J-A (2020) High-flow nasal cannula in hypercapnic respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can Respir J 2020:7406457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/7406457.eCollection","journal-title":"Can Respir J"}],"container-title":["Internal and Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11739-023-03322-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11739-023-03322-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11739-023-03322-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T08:25:46Z","timestamp":1691742346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11739-023-03322-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"references-count":185,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["3322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-023-03322-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1828-0447","1970-9366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1828-0447","type":"print"},{"value":"1970-9366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest in regard to the submitted work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}