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Major causes are prerenal AKI and acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Even though a variety of parameters\/indices exist, their reliability and practicability are controversial: in fact, there is a need for a simple diagnostic approach for AKI in in-patients with parameters easily obtained in any hospital. The objective of the study was: (1) to assess reliability of simple laboratory parameters\/indices to differentiate pre-\/intrarenal AKI; (2) to evaluate the most reliable and feasible parameters\/indices; and (3) to identify the possible impact of confounding factors. Retrospectively, in-patients with AKI hospitalized in 2020 in a university nephrology department were included. Spot urine and 24-h collection urine was analyzed with urine sodium (U<jats:sub>Na<\/jats:sub>), urine specific gravity (U<jats:sub>SG<\/jats:sub>), fractional excretion of sodium (FE<jats:sub>Na<\/jats:sub>), fractional excretion of urea (FE<jats:sub>Urea<\/jats:sub>), urine osmolality (U<jats:sub>Osm<\/jats:sub>), urine to plasma creatinine ratio (U<jats:sub>Cr<\/jats:sub>\/P<jats:sub>Cr<\/jats:sub>) and renal failure index (RFI). Overall, 431 patients were included. U<jats:sub>Na<\/jats:sub>, U<jats:sub>Osm<\/jats:sub>, U<jats:sub>SG<\/jats:sub> and RFI showed high specificity\u2009&gt;\u200985% for prerenal AKI, U<jats:sub>Na<\/jats:sub> and RFI provided good specificity for ATN. Loop diuretics, ACE inhibitors\/AT1 blockers or pre-existing chronic kidney disease had no impact. In patients with AKI, U<jats:sub>Na<\/jats:sub>, U<jats:sub>SG<\/jats:sub> and RFI: (1) proved to be very specific for prerenal AKI and showed high sensitivity for ATN; (2) can be easily determined using serum and spot urine; and (3) are not confounded by medication or comorbidities. These parameters\/indices are helpful to identify the aetiology of AKI and to guide therapy, thereby improving patients\u2019 safety and outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03365-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]],"date-time":"2023-07-15T04:01:36Z","timestamp":1689393696000},"page":"1769-1776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of simple diagnostic parameters in acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients\u2014diagnostic recommendations for non-nephrologists"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1270-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Buckenmayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Siebler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2453-777X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian S.","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"3365_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000141324.49873.11","volume":"15","author":"RW Schrier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schrier RW (2004) Need to intervene in established acute renal failure. 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