{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T17:55:31Z","timestamp":1779126931663,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Klinikum der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern Emerg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Violence in emergency medical services (EMS) presents a critical issue, yet data on its extent and on effective preventative measures are lacking. We aim to explore violence experiences and opportunities for prevention from the actor-centered perspective of EMS workers in Bavaria, Germany. We conducted a questionnaire-based online survey of EMS workers (September 2023\u2013January 2024), comprising standardized items and open questions on experiences and perceptions of workplace violence. In this context, we collected data on requested preventive measures. Mixed-methods analysis was applied, including descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analysis. Of 224 completed questionnaires, 38.4% reported to have experienced physical and 57.6% non-physical violence at work during the past 12\u00a0months. Experiences of physical violence were associated with the female gender, while non-physical violence showed an inverse association with age and seniority. Participants also reported physical (0.022%) and non-physical violence (17.9%) from colleagues. Only a third noted that there are established reporting procedures for violent incidents in their workplace, thereof over a third had refrained from submitting a report despite experiencing violence. Among the most effective and urgently requested preventive measures, respondents listed communication-based de-escalation and crisis management as well as improvement of working conditions including managers\u2019 leadership competencies. Results\u2019 interpretation is impeded by the limited response. Physical and non-physical violence are prevalent in the workplace context of EMS in Germany. An improvement in the working conditions, which should include transparent and effective reporting mechanisms as well as communication-based prevention strategies is explicitly requested by employees.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-025-03994-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T13:09:48Z","timestamp":1749215388000},"page":"693-704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Violence in emergency services and preventative measures: results from an online survey from Germany"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8085-5003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Zhelyazkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9374-3337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Bonigut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9890-6641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3994_CR1","volume-title":"Framework guidelines for addressing workplace violence in the health sector","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2002) Framework guidelines for addressing workplace violence in the health sector. 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AZ and EJ report no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The Ethics Committee of the Ethics Committee of the LMU Munich waived the need for ethics approval for the collection, analysis and publication of the retrospectively obtained and anonymized data for this non-interventional study on April 11, 2023 (Project number: 23-0319 KB).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights statement and informed consent"}}]}}