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Such views, often amplified by anti-science movements, collapse when confronted with demographic and palaeopathological evidence. Pre-modern societies were marked by high infant and maternal mortality, recurrent epidemics, chronic malnutrition, and a life expectancy at birth rarely exceeding 35\u00a0years. Skeletal and mummified remains reveal tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis, anaemia, malnutrition, trauma, and degenerative joint disease, underscoring the relentless burden of illness. By contrast, the remarkable rise in survival during the twentieth century resulted not from traditional diets or rustic lifestyles but from sanitation, vaccination, antibiotics, and preventive medicine. Life expectancy in the United States rose from 47\u00a0years in 1900 to nearly 79\u00a0years by the end of the century, with similar trajectories across Europe. Romanticising antiquity risks eroding confidence in biomedical progress, whereas palaeopathology underscores science as the true foundation of extended human longevity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-025-04156-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T04:16:53Z","timestamp":1762402613000},"page":"345-347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The crossroads for patients: idealised nostalgia vs scientific evidence of past health"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8902-3142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Maria","family":"Galassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Varotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4156_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2005.00398.x","volume":"83","author":"AR Omran","year":"2005","unstructured":"Omran AR (2005) The epidemiologic transition: a theory of the epidemiology of population change. 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