{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T20:31:02Z","timestamp":1781555462987,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MIUR- PRIN Progetti di Ricerca di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale 2022. Codice progetto n. 2022H9MPZ5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIUR- PRIN Progetti di Ricerca di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale 2022. Codice progetto n. 2022H9MPZ5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project code: CN00000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project code: CN00000041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CUP H93C22000430007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP H93C22000430007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project code PE00000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project code PE00000003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CUP D93C22000890001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D93C22000890001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNRR-MR1-2022-12376395. CUP H93C22000780006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-MR1-2022-12376395. CUP H93C22000780006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project code PE0000015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project code PE0000015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CUP H33C22000680006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP H33C22000680006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern Emerg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinical condition defined by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, associated with increased cardiovascular risk and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Emerging evidence suggests a role for iron metabolism and ferroptosis in the pathophysiology of MetS and its related complications. This study aimed to explore the association between serum iron levels and clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters in a population with cardiometabolic risk factors. Weongoing treatment for such analysed data from 893 patients attending the Metabolic Disease Unit of the Interdisciplinary Medicine Department at the University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d. Patients with MetS, elevated BMI, hypertension, and T2D exhibited significantly lower serum iron levels compared to healthy controls. Serum iron showed a strong inverse correlation with age (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a00.09,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0061), fasting plasma glucose (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a00.10,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u2009=\u2009.002), and HbA1c (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a00.18,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) in the overall population, while no correlations were found with Framingham Risk Score, triglycerides, waist circumference, and BMI. Conversely, when stratifying by sex, we observed that serum iron was inversely correlated with BMI (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a00.12,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.008) and waist circumference (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a00.12,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.008) in females only. Metabolic dysfunction is associated with reduced serum iron levels, with sex-specific patterns observed in relation to adiposity markers. Elucidating the interplay between iron metabolism, sex hormones, and adipose tissue biology may uncover new targets for personalized treatment strategies for metabolic diseases. Further research is warranted to clarify how modulation of iron homeostasis affects adipose tissue function, particularly in women with obesity and related metabolic disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-025-04169-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T11:23:48Z","timestamp":1762428228000},"page":"129-139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Reduced serum iron levels are associated with metabolic dysfunction and sex-specific characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Antonio Francesco Maria","family":"Giuliano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"De Matteis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Cantatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ersilia","family":"Di Buduo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Novielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Berardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Antonica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2123-6074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Moschetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucilla","family":"Crudele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"4169_CR1","first-page":"18647","volume":"10","author":"D Mancardi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mancardi D, Mezzanotte M, Arrigo E, Barinotti A, Roetto A (2021) Iron overload, oxidative stress, and Ferroptosis in the failing heart and liver. Antioxidants (Basel) 10(12):18647","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"4169_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1213441","volume":"14","author":"D Marti-Aguado","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marti-Aguado D, Ten-Esteve A, Baracaldo-Silva CM, Crespo A, Coello E, Merino-Murgui V et al (2023) Pancreatic steatosis and iron overload increases cardiovascular risk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 14:1213441","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"10","key":"4169_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2954","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102954","volume":"12","author":"D Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li D, Jiang C, Mei G, Zhao Y, Chen L, Liu J et al (2020) Quercetin alleviates Ferroptosis of pancreatic \u03b2 cells in type 2 diabetes. Nutrients 12(10):2954","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"14","key":"4169_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4908","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144908","volume":"21","author":"MM Capelletti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Capelletti MM, Manceau H, Puy H, Peoc\u2019h K (2020) Ferroptosis in liver diseases: an overview. Int J Mol Sci 21(14):4908","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"25","key":"4169_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143","volume":"106","author":"National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)","year":"2002","unstructured":"National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) (2002) Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 106(25):3143\u20133421","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"4169_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.09.009","volume":"43","author":"SL Samson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Samson SL, Garber AJ (2014) Metabolic syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 43(1):1\u201323","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"4169_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn-21-352","volume":"10","author":"TY Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang TY, George J, Zheng MH (2021) Metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease: more evidence and a bright future. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 10(6):849\u2013852","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"4169_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e069397","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069397","volume":"13","author":"S Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu S, Xu W, Guan C, Lv M, Jiang S, Jinhua Z (2023) Global burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to metabolic risk factors, 1990\u20132019: an analysis of observational data from a 2019 Global Burden of Disease study. BMJ Open 13(5):e069397","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"4169_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2016.1.12675","volume":"37","author":"IM Gosadi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gosadi IM (2016) Assessment of the environmental and genetic factors influencing prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 37(1):12\u201320","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"4169_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.05.043","volume":"275","author":"MF Su\u00e1rez-Orteg\u00f3n","year":"2018","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-Orteg\u00f3n MF, Ensaldo-Carrasco E, Shi T, McLachlan S, Fern\u00e1ndez-Real JM, Wild SH (2018) Ferritin, metabolic syndrome and its components: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 275:97\u2013106","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"4169_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.03.159","volume":"186","author":"G Kaiafa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaiafa G, Kanellos I, Savopoulos C, Kakaletsis N, Giannakoulas G, Hatzitolios AI (2015) Is anemia a new cardiovascular risk factor? Int J Cardiol 186:117\u2013124","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4169_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ15-0747","volume":"63","author":"HJ Do","year":"2016","unstructured":"Do HJ, Lee YS, Ha MJ, Cho Y, Yi H, Hwang YJ et al (2016) Beneficial effects of voglibose administration on body weight and lipid metabolism via gastrointestinal bile acid modification. Endocr J 63(8):691\u2013702","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"25","key":"4169_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908355","volume":"361","author":"SD Anker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anker SD, Comin Colet J, Filippatos G, Willenheimer R, Dickstein K, Drexler H et al (2009) Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. N Engl J Med 361(25):2436\u20132448","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"4169_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.7502","volume":"9","author":"P Rajendran","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rajendran P, Rengarajan T, Thangavel J, Nishigaki Y, Sakthisekaran D, Sethi G et al (2013) The vascular endothelium and human diseases. Int J Biol Sci 9(10):1057\u20131069","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"4169_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309757","volume":"37","author":"D Gill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gill D, Del Greco MF, Walker AP, Srai SKS, Laffan MA, Minelli C (2017) The effect of iron status on risk of coronary artery disease: a mendelian randomization study-brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 37(9):1788\u20131792","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4169_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e3182439613","volume":"5","author":"E Birben","year":"2012","unstructured":"Birben E, Sahiner UM, Sackesen C, Erzurum S, Kalayci O (2012) Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. World Allergy Organ J 5(1):9\u201319","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"issue":"3","key":"4169_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1159\/000079722","volume":"112","author":"E Coban","year":"2004","unstructured":"Coban E, Ozdogan M, Timuragaoglu A (2004) Effect of iron deficiency anemia on the levels of hemoglobin A1c in nondiabetic patients. Acta Haematol 112(3):126\u2013128","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4169_CR18","volume":"15","author":"E Elsheikh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elsheikh E, Aljohani SS, Alshaikhmubarak MM, Alhawl MA, Alsubaie AW, Alsultan N et al (2023) Implications of iron deficiency anaemia on glycemic dynamics in diabetes mellitus: a critical risk factor in cardiovascular disease. Cureus 15(11):e49414","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"4169_CR19","unstructured":"Effect of iron deficiency anemia on blood glucose and insulin resistance in women with type II diabetes: a single-group, Clinical Interventional Study - PubMed [Internet]. [citato 9 giugno 2025]. Disponibile su: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38561621\/"},{"issue":"11","key":"4169_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102632","volume":"16","author":"R Pradeepa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pradeepa R, Shreya L, Anjana RM, Jebarani S, Kamal Raj N, Kumar MS et al (2022) Frequency of iron deficiency anemia in type 2 diabetes - Insights from tertiary diabetes care centres across India. Diabetes Metab Syndr 16(11):102632","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"7","key":"4169_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-019-03707-w","volume":"98","author":"M Levi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Levi M, Simonetti M, Marconi E, Brignoli O, Cancian M, Masotti A et al (2019) Gender differences in determinants of iron-deficiency anemia: a population-based study conducted in four European countries. Ann Hematol 98(7):1573\u20131582","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"4169_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304127","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1304127","volume":"11","author":"Z Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Z, Cao B, Liu L, Tang X, Xu H (2024) Association between obesity and anemia in an nationally representative sample of United States adults: a cross-sectional study. Front Nutr 11:1304127","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"4169_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102272","volume":"15","author":"S Aguree","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aguree S, Owora A, Hawkins M, Reddy MB (2023) Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in women with and without obesity: NHANES 2001\u20132006. Nutrients 15(10):2272","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"4169_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062101","volume":"13","author":"L Crudele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crudele L, Piccinin E, Moschetta A (2021) Visceral adiposity and cancer: role in pathogenesis and prognosis. Nutrients 13(6):2101","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"4169_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3298-5","volume":"57","author":"JM Moreno-Navarrete","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moreno-Navarrete JM, Ortega F, Moreno M, Ricart W, Fern\u00e1ndez-Real JM (2014) Fine-tuned iron availability is essential to achieve optimal adipocyte differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis. Diabetologia 57(9):1957\u20131967","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"15","key":"4169_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5529","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155529","volume":"21","author":"\u00c1 Gonz\u00e1lez-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Dom\u00ednguez \u00c1, Visiedo-Garc\u00eda FM, Dom\u00ednguez-Riscart J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Dom\u00ednguez R, Mateos RM, Lechuga-Sancho AM (2020) Iron metabolism in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 21(15):5529","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"4169_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.319","volume":"18","author":"LM Tussing-Humphreys","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tussing-Humphreys LM, Nemeth E, Fantuzzi G, Freels S, Guzman G, Holterman AXL et al (2010) Elevated systemic hepcidin and iron depletion in obese premenopausal females. Obesity (Silver Spring) 18(7):1449\u20131456","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"2","key":"4169_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-014-0051-3","volume":"160","author":"WN Kong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kong WN, Niu QM, Ge L, Zhang N, Yan SF, Chen WB et al (2014) Sex differences in iron status and hepcidin expression in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 160(2):258\u2013267","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4169_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.07.007","volume":"131","author":"S Bekri","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bekri S, Gual P, Anty R, Luciani N, Dahman M, Ramesh B et al (2006) Increased adipose tissue expression of hepcidin in severe obesity is independent from diabetes and NASH. Gastroenterology 131(3):788\u2013796","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"4169_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3863","volume":"15","author":"T Ganz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ganz T, Nemeth E (2015) Iron homeostasis in host defence and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 15(8):500\u2013510","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4169_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac569","volume":"44","author":"G Savarese","year":"2022","unstructured":"Savarese G, von Haehling S, Butler J, Cleland JGF, Ponikowski P, Anker SD (2022) Iron deficiency and cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 44(1):14\u201327","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"8","key":"4169_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.8.2348","volume":"51","author":"JM Fern\u00e1ndez-Real","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Real JM, L\u00f3pez-Bermejo A, Ricart W (2002) Cross-talk between iron metabolism and diabetes. Diabetes 51(8):2348\u20132354","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"4169_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-012-9525-3","volume":"151","author":"E Leiva","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leiva E, Mujica V, Sep\u00falveda P, Guzm\u00e1n L, N\u00fa\u00f1ez S, Orrego R et al (2013) High levels of iron status and oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome. Biol Trace Elem Res 151(1):1\u20138","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"4169_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0543","volume":"35","author":"SK Park","year":"2012","unstructured":"Park SK, Ryoo JH, Kim MG, Shin JY (2012) Association of serum ferritin and the development of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Korean men: a 5-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care 35(12):2521\u20132526","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4169_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437681","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1437681","volume":"11","author":"L Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu L, Que T, Zhou Y, Liu Z (2024) Dose-response relationship of serum ferritin and dietary iron intake with metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr 11:1437681","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"4169_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020548","volume":"13","author":"CW Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu CW, Lee YC, Kuo CS, Chiang CH, Chang HH, Huang KC (2021) Association of serum levels of zinc, copper, and iron with risk of metabolic syndrome. Nutrients 13(2):548","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"8","key":"4169_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.06.001","volume":"33","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Funcke JB, Zi Z, Zhao S, Straub LG, Zhu Y et al (2021) Adipocyte iron levels impinge on a fat-gut crosstalk to regulate intestinal lipid absorption and mediate protection from obesity. Cell Metab 33(8):1624-1639.e9","journal-title":"Cell Metab"}],"container-title":["Internal and Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11739-025-04169-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11739-025-04169-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11739-025-04169-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T14:02:04Z","timestamp":1772200924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11739-025-04169-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["4169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-025-04169-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1828-0447","1970-9366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1828-0447","type":"print"},{"value":"1970-9366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Bari (Bari, Italy) in accordance with the requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki. Reference number: n.311, MSC\/PBMC\/2015.  Written informed consent for the use of clinical data was obtained from all participants in the study. In accordance with the approved Ethics Committee, only patients who were already 18 years old or more were included.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights statement and Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}