{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:34:23Z","timestamp":1792802063055,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020410","name":"Health Institutes of Turkey","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern Emerg Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Prehospital emergency medical services (EMS) workers frequently face violence due to uncontrolled work environments, which may lead to burnout. This study aimed to examine workplace violence among paramedics and emergency medical technicians (EMTs) in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s prehospital EMS by analyzing its individual and occupational predictors, contextual features, and association with burnout subdimensions. This descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted between July and August 2024 among 1,013 paramedics and EMTs working in prehospital EMS across T\u00fcrkiye. Verbal, physical, and sexual violence were assessed using the workplace violence questionnaire, and burnout was evaluated via the Maslach Burnout Inventory-human services survey. Of the participants, 64.4% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009652) were paramedics and 35.6% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009361) were EMTs. In the past 12\u00a0months, 85.5% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009866) of prehospital EMS workers experienced verbal violence, 26.5% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009268) experienced physical violence, and 12.5% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009127) experienced sexual violence at least once. Logistic regression analysis identified younger age, district-level work, and a higher number of monthly missions as significant predictors of workplace violence. Female participants and those with higher education levels had lower odds of physical and sexual violence, whereas low income increased the risk. Burnout levels among workers were moderate. Verbal, physical, and sexual violence increased emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, while verbal violence alone reduced personal accomplishment. Paramedics and EMTs working in chaotic, high-risk environments frequently face verbal, physical, and sexual violence from patients, relatives, and colleagues. Such violence has severe physical and psychological effects, heightening burnout levels. Protective security measures and social campaigns are essential to address this critical issue.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-026-04295-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T12:32:10Z","timestamp":1771590730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Workplace violence and burnout in the prehospital emergency medical services: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Keziban","family":"Avc\u0131","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u015eenol","family":"Demirci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"4295_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2024.2381218","author":"SS McGuire","year":"2024","unstructured":"McGuire SS, Lampman MA, Smith OA, Clements CM (2024) Impact of workplace violence against emergency medical services (EMS). Prehosp Emerg Care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10903127.2024.2381218","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"4295_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-105849","volume":"76","author":"J Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu J, Gan Y, Jiang H, Li L, Dwyer R, Lu K et al (2019) Prevalence of workplace violence against healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med 76:927\u2013937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2019-105849","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"4295_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khoza TL, Sibiya MN, Mshunqane N (2024) Factors predisposing emergency medical technicians to workplace violence: a cross-sectional study. Inquiry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00469580241233452","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580241233452"},{"key":"4295_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1017\/s1049023x18000870","volume":"33","author":"BJ Maguire","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maguire BJ, Browne M, O\u2019Neill BJ, Dealy MT, Clare D, O\u2019Meara P (2018) International survey of violence against EMS personnel: physical violence report. Prehosp Disaster Med 33:526\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1049023x18000870","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"key":"4295_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2017.303989","volume":"107","author":"BJ Maguire","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maguire BJ, O\u2019Neill BJ (2017) Emergency medical service personnel\u2019s risk from violence while serving the community. Am J Public Health 107:1770\u20131775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2017.303989","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"4295_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20230919-04","volume":"62","author":"S Woo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Woo S, Choi H, Shin S (2024) Effects of workplace violence on emotional distress. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 62:24\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/02793695-20230919-04","journal-title":"J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv"},{"key":"4295_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-023-03580-7","volume":"193","author":"GR Kaplan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaplan GR, Frith T, Hubble MW (2024) Quantifying the prevalence and predictors of burnout in emergency medical services personnel. Ir J Med Sci 193:1545\u20131556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11845-023-03580-7","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"4295_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1080\/15555240.2023.2292119","volume":"39","author":"E McGarry","year":"2024","unstructured":"McGarry E, O\u2019Connor L (2024) Assessing burnout rates and contributing factors in emergency medical services clinicians. J Workplace Behav Health 39:288\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15555240.2023.2292119","journal-title":"J Workplace Behav Health"},{"key":"4295_CR9","unstructured":"Resm\u00ee Gazete (2024) Regulation on the provision of emergency medical services. [Accessed 2024 Oct 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4798&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5"},{"key":"4295_CR10","first-page":"120","volume":"8","author":"P \u015eim\u015fek","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u015eim\u015fek P, G\u00fcnayd\u0131n M, G\u00fcnd\u00fcz A (2019) Pre-hospital emergency medical services: the case of T\u00fcrkiye. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane Univ J Health Sci 8:120\u2013127","journal-title":"G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane Univ J Health Sci"},{"key":"4295_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/09735070.2017.1393996","volume":"12","author":"V Senol","year":"2018","unstructured":"Senol V, Argun M, Celebi I (2018) Evaluation of risk perception and management in emergency medical services providers working in pre-hospital areas in Kayseri, Turkey. Stud Ethno-Med 12:40\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09735070.2017.1393996","journal-title":"Stud Ethno-Med"},{"key":"4295_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.09.002","volume":"19","author":"S Coskun Cenk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coskun Cenk S (2019) An analysis of the exposure to violence and burnout levels of ambulance staff. Turk J Emerg Med 19:21\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.09.002","journal-title":"Turk J Emerg Med"},{"key":"4295_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.47115\/jshs.1308587","volume":"8","author":"A G\u00f6k\u00e7e","year":"2023","unstructured":"G\u00f6k\u00e7e A, Derya S (2023) Overview of violence perpetrated against the healthcare professionals working at the 112 emergency health department and related factors. J Samsun Health Sci 8:339\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47115\/jshs.1308587","journal-title":"J Samsun Health Sci"},{"key":"4295_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v8n12p213","volume":"8","author":"M Pourshaikhian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pourshaikhian M, Khorasani-Zavareh D, Gorji HA, Aryankhesal A, Barati A (2016) Workplace violence process against emergency medical services staffs: a grounded theory. Glob J Health Sci 8:213\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/gjhs.v8n12p213","journal-title":"Glob J Health Sci"},{"key":"4295_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1177\/1048291119893388","volume":"29","author":"RM Murray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murray RM, Davis AL, Shepler LJ, Moore-Merrell L, Troup WJ, Allen JA et al (2020) A systematic review of workplace violence against emergency medical services responders. New Solut 29:487\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1048291119893388","journal-title":"New Solut"},{"key":"4295_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/ijnmr.ijnmr_175_20","volume":"26","author":"A Sahebi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sahebi A, Golitaleb M, Jahangiri K (2021) Occupational burnout in pre-hospital emergency personnel in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 26:11\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijnmr.ijnmr_175_20","journal-title":"Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res"},{"key":"4295_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.32598\/hdq.6.4.259.3","volume":"6","author":"H Shabanikiya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shabanikiya H, Kokabisaghi F, Mojtabaeian M, Sahebi T, Varmaghani M (2021) Global prevalence of workplace violence against paramedics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Emerg Disasters Q 6:205\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32598\/hdq.6.4.259.3","journal-title":"Health Emerg Disasters Q"},{"key":"4295_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2007.00168.x","volume":"39","author":"Y \u00c7elik","year":"2007","unstructured":"\u00c7elik Y, \u00c7elik S (2007) Sexual harassment against nurses in Turkey. J Nurs Scholarsh 39:200\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2007.00168.x","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"key":"4295_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-7657.2007.00548.x","volume":"54","author":"S \u00c7elik","year":"2007","unstructured":"\u00c7elik S, \u00c7elik Y, A\u011f\u0131rba\u015f \u0130, U\u011furluo\u011flu \u00d6 (2007) Verbal and physical abuse against nurses in Turkey. Int Nurs Rev 54:359\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1466-7657.2007.00548.x","journal-title":"Int Nurs Rev"},{"key":"4295_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030020205","volume":"2","author":"C Maslach","year":"1981","unstructured":"Maslach C, Jackson SE (1981) The measurement of experienced burnout. J Organ Behav 2:99\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job.4030020205","journal-title":"J Organ Behav"},{"key":"4295_CR21","unstructured":"Maslach C, Jackson S, Leiter M, Schaufeli W, Schwab R (2018) Maslach Burnout Inventory: manual. 4th ed. Mind Garden, Menlo Park."},{"key":"4295_CR22","volume-title":"Burnout in doctors and nurses and adaptation of Maslach Burnout Inventory","author":"C Ergin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ergin C (1992) Burnout in doctors and nurses and adaptation of Maslach Burnout Inventory, vol VII. National Psychology Congress, Hacettepe University, Ankara"},{"key":"4295_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-016-9602-2","volume":"48","author":"KS Taber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taber KS (2018) The use of Cronbach\u2019s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Res Sci Educ 48:1273\u20131296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11165-016-9602-2","journal-title":"Res Sci Educ"},{"key":"4295_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","volume":"6","author":"LT Hu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu LT, Bentler PM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model 6:1\u201355","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"key":"4295_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520967127","volume":"37","author":"H Sheikhbardsiri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sheikhbardsiri H, Afshar PJ, Baniasadi H, Farokhzadian J (2022) Workplace violence against prehospital paramedic personnel (city and road) and factors related to this type of violence in Iran. J Interpers Violence 37:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520967127","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"4295_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2014.912703","volume":"18","author":"BL Bigham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bigham BL, Jensen JL, Tavares W, Drennan IR, Saleem H, Dainty KN et al (2014) Paramedic self-reported exposure to violence in the emergency medical services (EMS) workplace: a mixed-methods cross-sectional survey. Prehosp Emerg Care 18:489\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10903127.2014.912703","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"4295_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2007.046789","volume":"24","author":"M Boyle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boyle M, Koritsas S, Coles J, Stanley J (2007) A pilot study of workplace violence towards paramedics. Emerg Med J 24:760\u2013763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/emj.2007.046789","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"4295_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckae144.1838","volume":"34","author":"A Zhelyazkova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhelyazkova A, Bonigut M (2024) Working in emergency services in Germany: cross-sectional data on violence experience and perception. Eur J Public Health 34(Suppl 3):713\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckae144.1838","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"4295_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.895818","volume":"10","author":"A Sahebi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sahebi A, Golitaleb M, Moayedi S, Torres M, Sheikhbardsiri H (2022) Prevalence of workplace violence against health care workers in hospital and pre-hospital settings: an umbrella review of meta-analyses. Front Public Health 10:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.895818","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"4295_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20176644","volume":"20","author":"J Mausz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mausz J, Johnston M, Arseneau-Bruneau D, Batt AM, Donnelly EA (2023) Prevalence and characteristics of violence against paramedics in a single Canadian site. Int J Environ Res Public Health 20:6644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20176644","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"4295_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5430\/jha.v6n3p26","volume":"6","author":"N Alharthy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alharthy N, Mutairi MA, Alsahli A, Alshehri A, Almatrafi A, Mahah A et al (2017) Workplace violence among emergency medical services workers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Hosp Adm 6:26\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5430\/jha.v6n3p26","journal-title":"J Hosp Adm"},{"key":"4295_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-021-00520-5","volume":"21","author":"M Hadian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hadian M, Jabbari A, Sheikhbardsiri H (2021) Workplace violence and influencing factors among paramedic pre-hospital paramedic personnel in Iran: a quality content analysis. BMC Emerg Med 21:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12873-021-00520-5","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"key":"4295_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7835676","volume":"2018","author":"SH Hosseinikia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hosseinikia SH, Zarei S, Najafi eKalyani M, Tahamtan S (2018) A cross-sectional multicenter study of workplace violence against prehospital emergency medical technicians. Emerg Med Int 2018:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/7835676","journal-title":"Emerg Med Int"},{"key":"4295_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.33151\/ajp.17.817","volume":"17","author":"BJ Thomas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thomas BJ, O\u2019Meara P, Edvardsson K, Spelten E (2020) Barriers and opportunities for workplace violence interventions in Australian paramedicine: a qualitative study. Australas J Paramed 17:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33151\/ajp.17.817","journal-title":"Australas J Paramed"},{"key":"4295_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21030363","volume":"21","author":"J Mausz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mausz J, Braaksma MJ, Johnston M, Batt AM, Donnelly EA (2024) Paramedic willingness to report violence following the introduction of a novel, point-of-event reporting process in a single Canadian paramedic service. Int J Environ Res Public Health 21:363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph21030363","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"4295_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2015.1128029","volume":"20","author":"MA Gormley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gormley MA, Crowe RP, Bentley MA, Levine R (2016) A national description of violence toward emergency medical services personnel. Prehosp Emerg Care 20:439\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10903127.2015.1128029","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"4295_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019525","volume":"8","author":"W Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu W, Zhao S, Shi L, Zhang Z, Liu X, Li L, Duan X, Li G, Lou F, Jia X, Fan L, Sun T, Ni X (2018) Workplace violence, job satisfaction, burnout, perceived organisational support and their effects on turnover intention among Chinese nurses in tertiary hospitals: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 8:e019525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019525","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"4295_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-025-03389-y","volume":"24","author":"H Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang H, Liu F, Ren Y, Sun Y (2025) Workplace violence, career identity, and turnover intentions: the mediating role of job burnout among newly recruited rotational nurses. BMC Nurs 24:689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-025-03389-y","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"key":"4295_CR39","volume-title":"Occupational safety and health in public health emergencies: a manual for protecting health workers and responders","author":"World Health Organization, International Labour Office","year":"2018","unstructured":"World Health Organization, International Labour Office (2018) Occupational safety and health in public health emergencies: a manual for protecting health workers and responders. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"4295_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1108\/IJES-03-2020-0012","volume":"10","author":"C Sporer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sporer C (2021) Burnout in emergency medical technicians and paramedics in the USA. Int J Emerg Serv 10:366\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJES-03-2020-0012","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Serv"},{"key":"4295_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1108\/IJES-03-2017-0014","volume":"6","author":"N Wongtongkam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wongtongkam N (2017) An exploration of violence against paramedics, burnout and post-traumatic symptoms in two Australian ambulance services. Int J Emerg Serv 6:134\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJES-03-2017-0014","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Serv"},{"key":"4295_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2014.05.011","volume":"52","author":"M Bernaldo-De-Quir\u00f3s","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bernaldo-De-Quir\u00f3s M, Piccini AT, G\u00f3mez MM, Cerdeira JC (2015) Psychological consequences of aggression in pre-hospital emergency care: cross-sectional survey. Int J Nurs Stud 52:260\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2014.05.011","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"4295_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2019.100792","volume":"47","author":"RE Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez RE, Bachelet VC, Gomol\u00e1n P, Lefio L\u00c1, Goyenechea M (2019) Violence and burnout in health care emergency workers in Santiago, Chile: a survey-based cross-sectional study. Int Emerg Nurs 47:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ienj.2019.100792","journal-title":"Int Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"4295_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.11-0102-oa","volume":"53","author":"M Alameddine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alameddine M, Kazzi A, El-Jardali F, Dimassi H, Maalouf S (2011) Occupational violence at Lebanese emergency departments: prevalence, characteristics and associated factors. J Occup Health 53:455\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1539\/joh.11-0102-oa","journal-title":"J Occup Health"}],"container-title":["Internal and Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11739-026-04295-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11739-026-04295-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11739-026-04295-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T12:32:14Z","timestamp":1771590734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11739-026-04295-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["4295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-026-04295-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1828-0447","1970-9366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1828-0447","type":"print"},{"value":"1970-9366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethical committee approval (Ankara Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t University, 2024\/403) was obtained.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}