{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T11:57:04Z","timestamp":1781265424998,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern Emerg Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-026-04304-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:56:23Z","timestamp":1777463783000},"page":"1259-1273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The burden of smoking-related gastrointestinal cancers from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2050: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Zhou","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beibei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4304_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.068","volume":"159","author":"M Arnold","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arnold M, Abnet CC, Neale RE, Vignat J, Giovannucci EL, McGlynn KA et al (2020) Global burden of 5 major types of gastrointestinal cancer. Gastroenterology 159(1):335-349.e15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.068","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4304_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-333227","volume":"74","author":"P Danpanichkul","year":"2024","unstructured":"Danpanichkul P, Suparan K, Tothanarungroj P, Dejvajara D, Rakwong K, Pang Y, Barba R, Thongpiya J, Fallon MB, Harnois D, Lui RN, Wallace MB, Dong Yang J, Roberts LR, Wijarnpreecha K (2024) Epidemiology of gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Gut 74(1):26\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-333227","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"4304_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-03883-9","volume":"23","author":"G Joshy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Joshy G, Soga K, Thurber KA, Egger S, Weber MF, Sarich P, Welsh J, Korda RJ, Yazidjoglou A, Nguyen MTH, Paige E, Gourley M, Canfell K, Banks E (2025) Relationship of tobacco smoking to cause-specific mortality: contemporary estimates from Australia. BMC Med 23(1):115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-025-03883-9","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"4304_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.84051","author":"S Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan S, Chen J, Ruan X, Sun Y, Zhang K, Wang X, Li X, Gill D, Burgess S, Giovannucci E, Larsson SC (2023) Smoking, alcohol consumption, and 24 gastrointestinal diseases: Mendelian randomization analysis. Life. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.84051","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"4304_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024 May 18;403(10440):2162\u20132203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4. PMID: 3876232 4; PMCID: PMC 11120204.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4"},{"key":"4304_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024 May 18;403(10440):2133\u20132161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8. Epub 2024 Apr 17. PMID: 3864 2570; PMCID: PMC11122111.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8"},{"key":"4304_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01438-6","volume":"400","author":"KB Tran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tran KB, Lang JJ, Compton K et al (2022) The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010\u201319: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 400:563\u2013591","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4304_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.6987","volume":"8","author":"Collaboration GBoDC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Collaboration GBoDC (2022) Cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life years for 29 cancer groups from 2010 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. JAMA Oncol 8:420\u2013444","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4304_CR9","first-page":"31","volume":"11","author":"BF Hankey","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hankey BF, Ries LA, Kosary CL et al (2000) Partitioning linear trends in age-adjusted rates. Cancer Causes Control 11(1):31\u201335","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"4304_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.12.001","volume":"70","author":"Z Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu Z, Jiang Y, Yuan H, Fang Q, Cai N, Suo C et al (2019) The trends in incidence of primary liver cancer caused by specific etiologies: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 and implications for liver cancer prevention. J Hepatol 70(4):674\u2013683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.12.001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"26","key":"4304_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6248","volume":"33","author":"V J\u00fcrgens","year":"2014","unstructured":"J\u00fcrgens V, Ess S, Cerny T, Vounatsou P (2014) A Bayesian generalized age-period-cohort power model for cancer projections. Stat Med 33(26):4627\u20134636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.6248","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4304_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.201500263","volume":"59","author":"A Riebler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Riebler A, Held L (2017) Projecting the future burden of cancer: Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis with integrated nested Laplace approximations. Biom J 59(3):531\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bimj.201500263","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"issue":"15","key":"4304_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph1615265918","volume":"16","author":"Y Laird","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laird Y, Myers F, Reid G, McAteer J (2019) Tobacco control policyin Scotland: a qualitative study of expert views on successes challenges and future actions. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(15):2659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph1615265918","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"4304_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s79","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054882","volume":"28","author":"VL da Costa E Silva","year":"2019","unstructured":"da Costa E Silva VL (2019) Foreword by the Secretariat of the WHO framework convention on tobacco control. Tob Control 28(Suppl 2):s79\u2013s80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054882","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"4304_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e166","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30045-2","volume":"2","author":"S Gravely","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gravely S, Giovino GA, Craig L et al (2017) Implementation of key demand-reduction measures of the WHO framework convention on tobacco control and change in smoking prevalence in 126 countries: an association study. Lancet Public Health 2:e166\u2013e174","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"4304_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0488-6","volume":"17","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhang Z (2020) The history and advances in cancer immunotherapy: understanding the characteristics of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and their therapeutic implications. Cell Mol Immunol 17(8):807\u2013821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41423-020-0488-6","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4304_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0116-z","volume":"5","author":"Y-H Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie Y-H, Chen Y-X, Fang J-Y (2020) Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer. Sign Transd Targ Therapy 5(1):22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-020-0116-z","journal-title":"Sign Transd Targ Therapy"},{"key":"4304_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.11.019","volume":"226","author":"X Jia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jia X, Sheng C, Han X, Li M, Wang K (2024) Global burden of stomach cancer attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2019 and predictions to 2044. Public Health 226:182\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.11.019","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"4304_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2020.12.007","volume":"152","author":"X Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang X, Man J, Chen H, Zhang T, Yin X, He Q, Lu M (2021) Temporal trends of the lung cancer mortality attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2017: A global, regional and national analysis. Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 152:49\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lungcan.2020.12.007","journal-title":"Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands)"},{"issue":"2","key":"4304_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2020-056444","volume":"32","author":"N Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li N, Wu P, Wang Z, Shen Y, Zhang L, Xue F, Han W, Chen Y, Du J, Zhao Y, Yang C, Hu Y, Gu W, Chen W, Guo X, Liu B, Jiang J, Xu N (2023) Smoking-related cancer death among men and women in an ageing society (China 2020\u20132040): a population-based modelling study. Tobacco Cont 32(2):163\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2020-056444","journal-title":"Tobacco Cont"},{"issue":"13","key":"4304_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.4647","volume":"11","author":"S Safiri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Safiri S, Aria Nejadghaderi S, Abdollahi M, Carson-Chahhoud K, Kaufman JS, Luigi Bragazzi N, Moradi-Lakeh M, Ali Mansournia M, Sullman MJM, Almasi-Hashiani A, Taghizadieh A, Collins GS, Kolahi A-A (2022) Global, regional, and national burden of cancers attributable to tobacco smoking in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019. Cancer Med 11(13):2662\u20132678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cam4.4647","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4304_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e216","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00509-X","volume":"10","author":"T Sathish","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sathish T, Teo KK, Britz-McKibbin P, Gill B, Islam S, Par\u00e9 G, Rangarajan S, Duong M, Lanas F, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Mony PK, Pinnaka L, Raman Kutty V, Orlandini A, Avezum A, Wielgosz A, Poirier P, Alhabib KF, Temizhan A, Chifamba J, Yeates K, Kruger IM, Khatib R, Yusuf R, Rosengren A, Zatonska K, Iqbal R, Lui W, Lang X, Li S, Hu B, Dans AL, Hussein Yusufali A, Bahonar A, Odonnell MJ, McKee M, Yusuf S (2022) Variations in risks from smoking between high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: an analysis of data from 179 000 participants from 63 countries. Lancet Glob Health 10(2):e216\u2013e226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00509-X","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"4304_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132401","volume":"10","author":"R Brathwaite","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brathwaite R, Addo J, Smeeth L, Lock K (2015) A systematic review of tobacco smoking prevalence and description of tobacco control strategies in sub-Saharan African countries; 2007 to 2014. PLoS ONE 10(7):e0132401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0132401","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"08 20","key":"4304_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01438-6","volume":"400","author":"GBD 2019 Cancer Risk Factors Collaborators","year":"2022","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Cancer Risk Factors Collaborators (2022) The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet (London, England) 400(08 20):563\u2013591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01438-6","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"}],"container-title":["Internal and Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11739-026-04304-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11739-026-04304-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11739-026-04304-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T11:07:27Z","timestamp":1781262447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11739-026-04304-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["4304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-026-04304-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1828-0447","1970-9366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1828-0447","type":"print"},{"value":"1970-9366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}