{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T21:11:58Z","timestamp":1774991518867,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL144880"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL144880"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR004403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR004403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intern Emerg Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Asymptomatic hypertension is common among emergency department (ED) patients. However, follow-up occurs infrequently. Because recognition of elevated readings is a prerequisite for referrals, we investigated the factors associated with the documentation of elevated BP measurements in provider notes. Electronic medical record (EMR) data from the University of Iowa Healthcare system were used to identify patients who had an outpatient ED, primary care, or urgent care visit with high BP (140\/90\u00a0mmHg or greater) from 01 January 2017 through 31 December 2021 and no prior hypertension diagnosis. We measured whether clinical notes from each visit mentioned hypertension or high BP and modeled the probability of that event across visits in ED, urgent care, and primary care settings. Covariates included the busyness of the care setting at the time of the visit, patient demographics, visit vitals and diagnoses. We identified 13,777 distinct patients with 18,036 ED visits, 3564 urgent care visits, and 27,895 primary care visits. Patient BP was discussed in the notes for 27% of ED visits compared to 51% of visits for both primary and urgent care. High BP was more likely to be mentioned in ED visit notes when the visit included diagnoses indicating chest pain and during times when the ED was substantially less busy than normal. High BP was also more likely to be mentioned in notes of the ED for patients with any prior diagnosis code of nonhypertension-related elevated BP. High BP levels are frequently not discussed in clinical and discharge notes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-026-04325-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T06:54:30Z","timestamp":1774940070000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Documentation of high blood pressure measurements in the emergency department: factors associated with discussion and comparison to other settings"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Cole G.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brett A.","family":"Faine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barry L.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Talan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip M.","family":"Polgreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3926-5933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linnea A.","family":"Polgreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"4325_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.339","volume":"307","author":"Q Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang Q, Cogswell ME, Flanders WD, Hong Y, Zhang Z, Loustalot F, Gillespie C, Merritt R, Hu FB (2012) Trends in cardiovascular health metrics and associations with all-cause and CVD mortality among US adults. JAMA 307:1273\u20131283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2012.339","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4325_CR2","first-page":"319","volume":"10","author":"OE Ayodele","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ayodele OE, Alebiosu CO, Akinwusi PO, Akinsola A, Mejiuni A (2007) Target organ damage and associated clinical conditions in newly diagnosed hypertensives attending a tertiary health facility. Niger J Clin Pract 10:319\u2013325","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"4325_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.14545","volume":"324","author":"P Muntner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muntner P, Hardy ST, Fine LJ, Jaeger BC, Wozniak G, Levitan EB, Colantonio LD (2020) Trends in blood pressure control among US adults with hypertension, 1999\u20132000 to 2017\u20132018. JAMA 324:1190\u20131200","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4325_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2007.05.008","volume":"14","author":"BM Baumann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baumann BM, Abate NL, Cowan RM, Chansky ME, Rosa K, Boudreaux ED (2007) Characteristics and referral of emergency department patients with elevated blood pressure. Acad Emerg Med 14:779\u2013784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1197\/j.aem.2007.05.008","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"4325_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000000152","volume":"131","author":"D Mozaffarian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, de Ferranti S, Despr\u00e9s JP, Fullerton HJ, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Judd SE, Kissela BM, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Liu S, Mackey RH, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER 3rd, Moy CS, Muntner P, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, Neumar RW, Nichol G, Palaniappan L, Pandey DK, Reeves MJ, Rodriguez CJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Towfighi A, Turan TN, Virani SS, Willey JZ, Woo D, Yeh RW, Turner MB (2015) Heart disease and stroke statistics--2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 131:e29-322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/cir.0000000000000152","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"4325_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(00)70105-3","volume":"35","author":"RW Derlet","year":"2000","unstructured":"Derlet RW, Richards JR (2000) Overcrowding in the nation\u2019s emergency departments: complex causes and disturbing effects. Ann Emerg Med 35:63\u201368","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"4325_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2017.03.003","volume":"11","author":"EM Goldberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goldberg EM, Wilson T, Saucier C, Brody AM, Levy PD, Eaton CB, Merchant RC (2017) Achieving the BpTRUth: emergency department hypertension screening and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services quality measure. J Am Soc Hypertens 11:290\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jash.2017.03.003","journal-title":"J Am Soc Hypertens"},{"key":"4325_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2009.44","volume":"22","author":"BM Baumann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baumann BM, Cline DM, Cienki JJ, Egging D, Lehrmann JF, Tanabe P (2009) Provider self-report and practice: reassessment and referral of emergency department patients with elevated blood pressure. Am J Hypertens 22:604\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ajh.2009.44","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"4325_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2006.09.007","volume":"25","author":"K Tilman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tilman K, DeLashaw M, Lowe S, Springer S, Hundley S, Counselman FL (2007) Recognizing asymptomatic elevated blood pressure in ED patients: how good (bad) are we? Am J Emerg Med 25:313\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2006.09.007","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"4325_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.11.001","volume":"47","author":"DJ Karras","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karras DJ, Kruus LK, Cienki JJ, Wald MM, Chiang WK, Shayne P, Ufberg JW, Harrigan RA, Wald DA, Heilpern KL (2006) Evaluation and treatment of patients with severely elevated blood pressure in academic emergency departments: a multicenter study. Ann Emerg Med 47:230\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.11.001","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"4325_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.10.003","volume":"47","author":"WW Decker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Decker WW, Godwin SA, Hess EP, Lenamond CC, Jagoda AS (2006) Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients with asymptomatic hypertension in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 47:237\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.10.003","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"4325_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2013.05.012","volume":"62","author":"SJ Wolf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wolf SJ, Lo B, Shih RD, Smith MD, Fesmire FM (2013) Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients in the emergency department with asymptomatic elevated blood pressure. Ann Emerg Med 62:59\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2013.05.012","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"4325_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2010.194","volume":"24","author":"GS Stergiou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stergiou GS, Bliziotis IA (2011) Home blood pressure monitoring in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension: a systematic review. Am J Hypertens 24:123\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ajh.2010.194","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"4325_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-016-0647-4","volume":"18","author":"SS Chan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chan SS, Graham CA, Rainer TH (2016) Hypertension in the emergency department. Curr Hypertens Rep 18:37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11906-016-0647-4","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"4325_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2009.11.017","volume":"37","author":"P Tanabe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tanabe P, Cline DM, Cienki JJ, Egging D, Lehrmann JF, Baumann BM (2011) Barriers to screening and intervention for ED patients at risk for undiagnosed or uncontrolled hypertension. J Emerg Nurs 37:17\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jen.2009.11.017","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"4325_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2003.151","volume":"41","author":"HD Backer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Backer HD, Decker L, Ackerson L (2003) Reproducibility of increased blood pressure during an emergency department or urgent care visit. Ann Emerg Med 41:507\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mem.2003.151","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"4325_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2007.10.017","volume":"51","author":"P Tanabe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tanabe P, Persell SD, Adams JG, McCormick JC, Martinovich Z, Baker DW (2008) Increased blood pressure in the emergency department: pain, anxiety, or undiagnosed hypertension? Ann Emerg Med 51:221\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2007.10.017","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"4325_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/traumamon.7328","volume":"19","author":"A Arhami Dolatabadi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arhami Dolatabadi A, Motamedi M, Hatamabadi H, Alimohammadi H (2014) Prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension in the emergency department. Trauma Mon 19:e7328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/traumamon.7328","journal-title":"Trauma Mon"},{"key":"4325_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.08.034","volume":"32","author":"S Adhikari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adhikari S, Mathiasen R (2014) Epidemiology of elevated blood pressure in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 32:1370\u20131372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.08.034","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"4325_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199801000-00004","author":"A Elixhauser","year":"1998","unstructured":"Elixhauser A, Steiner C, Harris DR, Coffey RM (1998) Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data. Med Care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005650-199801000-00004","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"4325_CR21","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2022) Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project\u2014User Support. https:\/\/hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/tools_software.jsp. Accessed April 4"},{"key":"4325_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2147\/clep.S344302","volume":"14","author":"TO Eskesen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eskesen TO, Sillesen M, Rasmussen LS, Steinmetz J (2022) Agreement between standard and ICD-10-Based injury severity scores. Clin Epidemiol 14:201\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/clep.S344302","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4325_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(95)00059-3","volume":"5","author":"S Linn","year":"1995","unstructured":"Linn S (1995) The injury severity score\u2013importance and uses. Ann Epidemiol 5:440\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/1047-2797(95)00059-3","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"4325_CR24","unstructured":"Team RC (2023) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Book R: A language and environment for statistical computing, 4.3.1 edn. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria"},{"key":"4325_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12660","volume":"22","author":"A Brody","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brody A, Rahman T, Reed B, Millis S, Ference B, Flack JM, Levy PD (2015) Safety and efficacy of antihypertensive prescription at emergency department discharge. Acad Emerg Med 22:632\u2013635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acem.12660","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"4325_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.01.016","volume":"47","author":"S Verelst","year":"2014","unstructured":"Verelst S, Pierloot S, Desruelles D, Gillet JB, Bergs J (2014) Short-term unscheduled return visits of adult patients to the emergency department. J Emerg Med 47:131\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.01.016","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"4325_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2000.tb00469.x","volume":"7","author":"CD Chisholm","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chisholm CD, Collison EK, Nelson DR, Cordell WH (2000) Emergency department workplace interruptions: are emergency physicians \u201cinterrupt-driven\u201d and \u201cmultitasking\u201d? Acad Emerg Med 7:1239\u20131243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2000.tb00469.x","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"4325_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-135-9-200111060-00012","volume":"135","author":"LS Phillips","year":"2001","unstructured":"Phillips LS, Branch WT Jr, Cook CB, Doyle JP, El-Kebbi IM, Gallina DL, Miller CD, Ziemer DC, Barnes CS (2001) Clinical inertia. Ann Intern Med 135:825\u2013834","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"4325_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2015.01.008","volume":"9","author":"CA Anthony","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anthony CA, Polgreen LA, Chounramany J, Foster ED, Goerdt CJ, Miller ML, Suneja M, Segre AM, Carter BL, Polgreen PM (2015) Outpatient blood pressure monitoring using bi-directional text messaging. J Am Soc Hypertens 9:375\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jash.2015.01.008","journal-title":"J Am Soc Hypertens"},{"key":"4325_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13674","volume":"21","author":"RS Zahr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zahr RS, Anthony CA, Polgreen PM, Simmering JE, Goerdt CJ, Hoth AB, Miller ML, Suneja M, Segre AM, Carter BL, Cavanaugh JE, Polgreen LA (2019) A texting-based blood pressure surveillance intervention. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 21:1463\u20131470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jch.13674","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"4325_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0803-0","volume":"20","author":"KA Kennelty","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kennelty KA, Polgreen LA, Carter BL (2018) Team-based care with pharmacists to improve blood pressure: a review of recent literature. Curr Hypertens Rep 20:1\u20139","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"4325_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1002\/jac5.1497","volume":"4","author":"K Kennelty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kennelty K, Coffey CS, Ardery G, Uribe L, Yankey J, Ecklund D, James PA, Vander Weg MW, Chrischilles EA, Christensen AJ, Polgreen LA, Gryzlak B, Carter BL (2021) A cluster randomized trial to evaluate a centralized remote clinical pharmacy service in large, health system primary care clinics. J Am Coll Clin Pharm 4:1287\u20131299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jac5.1497","journal-title":"J Am Coll Clin Pharm"},{"key":"4325_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2020.106169","volume":"98","author":"LA Polgreen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Polgreen LA, Carter BL, Polgreen PM, Snyder PM, Sewell DK, Bayman EO, Francis SL, Simmering JE, Parker C, Finkelstein R (2020) A pharmacist intervention for monitoring and treating hypertension using bidirectional texting: PharmText BP. Contemp Clin Trials 98:106169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cct.2020.106169","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"4325_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24926\/iip.v12i2.3895","author":"B Stewart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stewart B, Brody A, Garwood CL, Zhang L, Levy PD (2021) Implementation of outpatient pharmacist-led hypertension management for under-resourced patients: a pilot study. Innov Pharm. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24926\/iip.v12i2.3895","journal-title":"Innov Pharm"},{"key":"4325_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/emp2.12386","volume":"2","author":"H Prendergast","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prendergast H, Del Rios M, Durazo-Arvizu R, Escobar-Schulz S, Heinert S, Jackson M, Gimbar RP, Daviglus M, Lara B, Khosla S (2021) Effect of an emergency department education and empowerment intervention on uncontrolled hypertension in a predominately minority population: the AHEAD2 randomized clinical pilot trial. JACEP Open 2:e12386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/emp2.12386","journal-title":"JACEP Open"},{"key":"4325_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2021.106283","volume":"102","author":"HM Prendergast","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prendergast HM, Petzel-Gimbar R, Kitsiou S, Del Rios M, Lara B, Jackson M, Heinert S, Carter BL, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Daviglus M (2021) Targeting of uncontrolled hypertension in the emergency department (TOUCHED): design of a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials 102:106283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cct.2021.106283","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"}],"container-title":["Internal and Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11739-026-04325-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11739-026-04325-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11739-026-04325-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T20:02:33Z","timestamp":1774987353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11739-026-04325-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["4325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-026-04325-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1828-0447","1970-9366"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1828-0447","type":"print"},{"value":"1970-9366","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors report no conflicts of interest related to this work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the University of Iowa Institutional Review Board (HawkIRB #202302408), and a waiver of consent was granted.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}