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GRMLR was awarded a 2026 Scholarship from the Knowledge\u2013Action\u2013Change Tobacco Harm Reduction Programme, an independent public health organization based in the UK and funded by Global Action to End Smoking, a US-based independent non-profit 501(c)(3) grant-making organization, for a project focused on oral health. The content of the present paper is unrelated to that project. She was also awarded a Tobacco Harm Reduction Scholarship in 2024\/2025. AC has nothing to declare. AM declares funding by University of Catania through Crystallise Ltd. RP is full tenured professor of Internal Medicine at the University of Catania (Italy) and Medical Director of the Institute for Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology at the same University. He has received grants from U-BIOPRED and AIR-PROM, Integral Rheumatology & Immunology Specialists Network (IRIS), Global Action to End Smoking (formerly known as Foundation for Smoke-Free World), Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, CV Therapeutics, NeuroSearch A\/S, Sandoz, Merk Sharp & Dohme, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Arbi Group Srl., Duska Therapeutics, Forest Laboratories, Ministero dell Universita\u2019e della Ricerca (MUR) Bando PNRR 3277\/2021 (CUP E63C22000900006) and 341\/2022 (CUP E63C22002080006), funded by NextGenerationEU of the European Union (EU), and the ministerial grant PON REACT-EU 2021 GREEN- Bando 3411\/2021 by Ministero dell Universita\u2019 e (MUR)\u2013PNRR EU Community. He is founder of the Center for Tobacco Prevention and Treatment (CPCT) at the University of Catania and of the Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction at the same university. He receives consultancy fees from Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Duska Therapeutics, Forest Laboratories, CV Therapeutics, Sermo Inc., GRG Health, Clarivate Analytics, Guidepoint Expert Network, and GLG Group. He receives textbooks royalties from Elsevier. He is also involved in a patent application for ECLAT Srl. He is a pro bono scientific advisor for Lega Italiana Anti Fumo (LIAF) and the International Network of Nicotine Consumers Organizations (INNCO); and he is Chair of the European Technical Committee for Standardization on \u201cRequirements and test methods for emissions of electronic cigarettes\u201d (CEN\/TC 437; WG4).\u00a0GC is a salaried employee of the Rose Research Center (RRC), an independent contract research organization that performs studies pertaining to smoking cessation and tobacco harm reduction. The founder of the RRC, Dr. Jed Rose, invented the nicotine patch and performed foundational research leading to varenicline\/Chantix. Research support for other projects has been received from the National Institute on Drug Abuse; Global Action to End Smoking, Inc. (formerly Foundation for a Smoke-Free World, Inc.), a U.S. nonprofit 501(c)(3) private foundation; Nicotine BRST LLC; JUUL Labs; Altria; Embera Neurotherapeutics, Inc.; Otsuka Pharmaceutical; Swedish Match; and Philip Morris International. GC was previously a Principal Scientist at JUUL Labs and was employed at Nektar Therapeutics, whose pipeline included an inhaled nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). G.C. was also previously employed at Medtronic Diabetes. GC holds stock in Qnovia, a developer of an inhaled NRT, and in JUUL Labs. G.'s contributions were not directed or sponsored by any entities external to RRC and represent his personal opinions.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}