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Fifty children were randomized to treatment groups receiving either a PUFA supplement providing a daily dose of 480 mg DHA, 80 mg EPA, 40 mg arachidonic acid (AA), 96 mg GLA, and 24 mg \u03b1\u2010tocopheryl acetate, or an olive oil placebo for 4 mon of doubleblind parallel treatment. Supplementation with the PUFA led to a substantial increase in the proportions of EPA, DHA, and \u03b1\u2010tocopherol in the plasma phospholipids and red blood cell (RBC) total lipids, but an increase was noted in the plasma phospholipid proportions of 18\u22363n\u20103 with olive oil as well. Significant improvements in multiple but outcomes (as rated by parents) were noted in both groups, but a clear benefit from PUFA supplementation for all behaviors characteristic of AD\/HD was not observed. For most outcomes, improvement of the PUFA group was consistently nominally better than that of the olive oil group; but the treatment difference was significantly, by secondary intent\u2010to\u2010treat analysis on only 2 out of 16 outcome measures: conduct problems rated by parents (\u221242.7 vs. \u22129.9%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=47, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.05), and attention symptoms rated by teachers (\u221214.8 vs. +3.4%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=47, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.03). PUFA supplementation led to a greater number of participants showing improvement in oppositional defiant behavior from a clinical to a nonclinical range compared with olive oil supplementation (8 out of 12 vs. 3 out of 11, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=33, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.02). Also, significant correlations were observed when comparing the magnitude of change between increasing proportions of EPA in the RBC and decreasing disruptive behavior as assessed by the Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire (ASQ) for parents (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>=\u22120.38, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=31, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05), and for EPA and DHA in the RBC and the teachers' Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBD) Rating Scale for Attention (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>=\u22120.49, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=24, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05). Interestingly, significant correlations were observed between the magnitude of increase in \u03b1\u2010tocopherol concentrations in the RBC and a decrease in scores for all four subscales of the teacher's DBD (Hyperactivity, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>=\u22120.45; Attention, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>=\u22120.60; Conduct, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>=\u22120.41; Oppositional\/Defiant Disorder, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>=\u22120.54; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=24, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05) as well as the ASQ for teachers (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>=\u22120.51, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=24, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05). Thus, the results of this pilot study suggest the need for further research with both n\u22123 FA and vitamin E in children with behavioral disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-006-1155-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,20]],"date-time":"2008-10-20T23:12:11Z","timestamp":1224544331000},"page":"1007-1021","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":227,"title":["EFA supplementation in children with inattention, hyperactivity, and other disruptive behaviors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Stevens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Foods and Nutrition Purdue University 700 West State St., G1, West Lafayette IN 47907"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Foods and Nutrition Purdue University 700 West State St., G1, West Lafayette IN 47907"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Peck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science &amp; Human Nutrition Washington State University Pullman Washington 99164"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kuczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nels","family":"Grevstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Mahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Foods and Nutrition Purdue University 700 West State St., G1, West Lafayette IN 47907"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney S.","family":"Zentall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Studies Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Eugene Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Foods and Nutrition Purdue University 700 West State St., G1, West Lafayette IN 47907"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of ADHD","author":"Arnold L.E.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0998-66"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289703600702"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579499002230"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00240-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30107-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/108705479900300103"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1985.tb03433.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1966.tb02414.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.1.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)78929-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/66.4.565"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1986.10720126"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1992.tb00675.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)92784-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1984.tb04698.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0262-1746(82)90019-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","first-page":"291","article-title":"Evening Primrose Oil (Efamol) in the Treatment of Children with Atopic Eczema","volume":"14","author":"Bordoni A.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Drugs Exp. 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