{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T10:45:33Z","timestamp":1792233933337,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Cancer Surviv"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Health literacy is a critical factor in patient engagement and outcomes during cancer survivorship. With the 21st Century Cures Act, patients now receive immediate access to radiology and pathology reports, yet these documents often exceed the 6th-grade reading level recommended by the American Medical Association. While prior studies have examined general breast cancer materials, the readability of individualized clinical reports remains unexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this multi-institutional retrospective study, 120 de-identified breast radiology and pathology reports from the University of Colorado and the University of Miami were analyzed across six report types. Readability was assessed using six validated indices. Additionally, 98 MedEd definitions and 96 MedEd-directed online patient education materials (OPEMs) were evaluated. MedEd is a Chrome plug-in designed to highlight key breast health terms and provide physician-curated definitions with links to vetted educational content.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across institutions, most clinical reports exceeded a high school reading level, with surgical pathology reports being the least accessible. MedEd definitions and OPEMs demonstrated better readability but still surpassed the recommended 6th-grade level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breast cancer\u2013related reports and educational materials remain difficult for many survivors to comprehend. Improved design of patient-facing tools\u2014potentially through AI integration and patient co-development\u2014may enhance accessibility, empowerment, and shared decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications for Cancer Survivors<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study underscores a critical gap between the readability of breast radiology and pathology reports and the literacy levels of many cancer survivors. As patients gain immediate access to these documents through electronic portals, the complexity of medical language can lead to confusion, anxiety, and disengagement from care. Survivors may be particularly vulnerable during post-treatment surveillance when understanding follow-up imaging and pathology is vital for shared decision-making. Tools like MedEd\u2014while promising\u2014must continue to evolve to meet national literacy standards. Simplifying medical reports and integrating patient-centered, Al-supported education tools can enhance survivors\u2019 comprehension, foster autonomy, and ultimately improve their confidence and outcomes throughout survivorship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-025-01842-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T23:00:11Z","timestamp":1751238011000},"page":"719-727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A retrospective multi-institutional assessment of breast radiology and pathology report readability and a novel patient tool (MedEd) utilizing American literacy standards"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Greenseid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gande","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Mihulka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Verosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvador Rodriguez","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samhita","family":"Bheemireddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline G.","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Leslie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Tevis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"1842_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.01.003","volume":"66","author":"YI Cho","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cho YI, Lee SY, Arozullah AM, Crittenden KS. 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