{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:30:28Z","timestamp":1777498228593,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Children's Orthopaedics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The epidemiology of transient synovitis is poorly understood, and the aetiology is unknown, although a suggestion of a viral association predominates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This population-based study investigated the epidemiology in order to formulate aetiological theories of pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patient and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cases in Merseyside were identified between 2004 and 2009. Incidence rates were determined and analysed by age, sex, season and region of residence. Socioeconomic deprivation scores were generated using the Index of Multiple Deprivation, allocated by postcode. Poisson confidence intervals were calculated and Poisson regression was used to check for trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two hundred and fifty-nine cases were identified over 5.5 years. The annual incidence was 25.1 (95 % CI 22.1\u201328.5) per 100,000 0\u201314 year-olds. Male to female ratio was 3.2:1 ( p &lt; 0.001). Mean age at presentation was 5.4 years (95 % CI 5.0\u20135.8), which demonstrated a near-normal distribution. No relationship was identified between seasonality and incidence ( p = 0.64). A correlation was identified with socioeconomic deprivation in Merseyside: incidence rate ratio 1.16 (95 % CI 1.06\u20131.26, p &lt; 0.001), although further analysis within the subregion of Liverpool did not confirm this finding ( p = 0.35).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The normal distribution for age at disease presentation suggests a specific disease entity. The absence of seasonality casts some doubt on the popular theory of a viral aetiology. The absence of a consistent socioeconomic gradient in both Merseyside and Liverpool challenges a previous suggestion of an association with Perthes\u2019 disease. This paper provides ecological evidence that may challenge existing aetiological theories, though transient synovitis remains an enigma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-014-0556-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,21]],"date-time":"2014-01-21T06:05:09Z","timestamp":1390284309000},"page":"23-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The epidemiology of transient synovitis in Liverpool, UK"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"William D.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Mersey Deanery Surgical Training Scheme, Regatta Place, Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. K.","family":"Vooght","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mersey Deanery Surgical Training Scheme, Regatta Place, Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Eaton Road, L12 2AP, Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Singhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mersey Deanery Surgical Training Scheme, Regatta Place, Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Eaton Road, L12 2AP, Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. E.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Eaton Road, L12 2AP, Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. C.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Eaton Road, L12 2AP, Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Warwick Orthopaedics, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX, Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-s11832-014-0556-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00327.x"},{"key":"bibr2-s11832-014-0556-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.E.00216"},{"key":"bibr3-s11832-014-0556-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.81B6.9607"},{"key":"bibr4-s11832-014-0556-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.287.6407.1757"},{"key":"bibr5-s11832-014-0556-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0b013e32832b1664"},{"key":"bibr6-s11832-014-0556-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.82B2.10033"},{"key":"bibr7-s11832-014-0556-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199912000-00002"},{"key":"bibr8-s11832-014-0556-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmp092"},{"key":"bibr9-s11832-014-0556-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landlin L, Danielsson L, Wattsgard C (1987) Transient synovitis of the hip. 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