{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T04:21:35Z","timestamp":1781842895361,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,18]],"date-time":"2008-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1205798400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ir J Med Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-008-0139-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,17]],"date-time":"2008-03-17T14:38:56Z","timestamp":1205764736000},"page":"87-92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Irish contributions to the origins of antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"W.","family":"Kingston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"139_CR1","unstructured":"Waksman SA (1940) Scientific monthly, November"},{"key":"139_CR2","unstructured":"Royal Society Note by William Roberts, cited in Waksman SA (1975) The Antibiotic Era. The Waksman Foundation of Japan, Tokyo, p 13"},{"key":"139_CR3","unstructured":"See Eve AS, Creasey CH (1945) Life and work of John Tyndall. London, Macmillan; also Macmillan, N. D. and J. Meehan, (no date) John Tyndall, \u2018X\u2019emplar of Scientific and Technological Education. ETA Publications, Dublin"},{"key":"139_CR4","unstructured":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, entry John Tyndall"},{"key":"139_CR5","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6dinger E (1945) What is Life?. Cambridge University Press. For evaluation, see Moore, Walter (1994) A life of Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"key":"139_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007087400012863","volume":"7","author":"J Friday","year":"1974","unstructured":"Friday J (1974) Huxley and antibiosis in 1875. Br J Hist Sci 7:61\u201371","journal-title":"Br J Hist Sci"},{"key":"139_CR7","unstructured":"Crellin J (1980) In: Parascandola J (ed) The history of antibiotics: a symposium. American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, Madison, pp 5\u201314"},{"key":"139_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.35.100181.000245","volume":"35","author":"HB Woodruff","year":"1981","unstructured":"Woodruff HB (1981) A soil microbiologist\u2019s odyssey. Annu Rev Microbiol 35:7","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"139_CR9","first-page":"226","volume":"10","author":"A Fleming","year":"1929","unstructured":"Fleming A (1929) On the antibacterial action of cultures of Penicillium, with special reference to their use in the Isolation of B. influenzae. Br J Exp Pathol 10:226\u2013236","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"139_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300040758","volume":"26","author":"R Hare","year":"1982","unstructured":"Hare R (1982) New light on the history of penicillin. Med History 26:1","journal-title":"Med History"},{"key":"139_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobby GL (1985) Penicillin: meeting the challenge. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, p 46","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt1xp3smj"},{"key":"139_CR12","volume-title":"Howard Florey: the Making of a Great Scientist","author":"G MacFarlane","year":"1979","unstructured":"MacFarlane G (1979) Howard Florey: the Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"139_CR13","unstructured":"Rockefeller Foundation (1943) October. Extract from Trustees\u2019 Bulletin"},{"key":"139_CR14","unstructured":"Chain EB (1980) In: Parascandola J (ed) The history of antibiotics: a symposium. American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, Madison, p 23"},{"key":"139_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)08728-1","volume":"24","author":"EB Chain","year":"1940","unstructured":"Chain EB, Florey H et al (1940) Penicillin as a chemotherapeutic agent. Lancet 24:226\u2013228","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"139_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macfarlane, Note 12 above, p 190","DOI":"10.1177\/002072097501200222"},{"key":"139_CR17","unstructured":"Bud R makes this clear in his comprehensive Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy (2007) Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"139_CR18","unstructured":"Williams TI (1984) Howard Florey: penicillin and after. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 184"},{"key":"139_CR19","volume-title":"My life with the microbes","author":"SA Waksman","year":"1958","unstructured":"Waksman SA (1958) My life with the microbes. Robert Hale, London"},{"key":"139_CR20","unstructured":"Woodruff, Note 8 above, p 7"},{"key":"139_CR21","unstructured":"Waksman SA (1963) A most fruitful connection. Merck J, p 10"},{"key":"139_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-55-14461","volume":"55","author":"A Schatz","year":"1944","unstructured":"Schatz A, Bugie E, Waksman SE (1944) Streptomycin, a substance exhibiting antibiotic activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 55:65\u201369","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"139_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiple KF (Ed.) (1993) Cambridge World History of human disease. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge","DOI":"10.1017\/CHOL9780521332866"},{"key":"139_CR24","unstructured":"MacFarlane G (1984) Alexander Fleming: the man and the myth. Chatto and Windus, London, p 76"},{"key":"139_CR25","unstructured":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, entry Almroth Wright"},{"key":"139_CR26","unstructured":"Brown K (2004) Penicillin man. Sutton Publishing, Stroud, pp 45, 109"},{"key":"139_CR27","unstructured":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, entry Alexander Fleming"},{"key":"139_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700300204","volume":"30","author":"JW Bigger","year":"1927","unstructured":"Bigger JW, Boland CR, O\u2019Meara RAQ (1927) \u2018Variant colonies of Staphlococcus aureus\u2019. J Pathol Bacteriol 30:261\u2013268","journal-title":"J Pathol Bacteriol"},{"key":"139_CR29","unstructured":"Hare R (1970) The Birth of Penicillin, Chaps 3 and 4. George Allen and Unwin, London"},{"key":"139_CR30","unstructured":"Sir Richard Harris, cited in Heatley N (2004) Penicillin and luck. RCJT books, London. See also Bud, R., 1998. \u2018Penicillin and the new Elizabethans\u2019. Br J History Sci 31(Part 3):305\u2013333"},{"key":"139_CR31","unstructured":"Brown, Note 26 above, p 9"},{"key":"139_CR32","unstructured":"Macfarlane, Note 24 above, p 138"},{"key":"139_CR33","unstructured":"Wilson D (1976) Penicillin in perspective. Faber and Faber, London, pp 251\u2013256"},{"key":"139_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1971.0098","volume":"179","author":"EB Chain","year":"1971","unstructured":"Chain EB (1971) Thirty years of penicillin therapy. Proc R Soc Lond 179:293\u2013319","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond"},{"key":"139_CR35","unstructured":"Hobby, Note 11 above, pp 202\u2013208. See also Bud, Note 17 above, pp 77\u20139"},{"key":"139_CR36","volume-title":"The enchanted ring","author":"JC Sheehan","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sheehan JC (1982) The enchanted ring. M.I.T. Press, Boston"},{"key":"139_CR37","volume-title":"The penicillin group of drugs","author":"GT Stewart","year":"1965","unstructured":"Stewart GT (1965) The penicillin group of drugs. Elsevier, London"},{"key":"139_CR38","unstructured":"Fleming felt that without Pryce\u2019s persuasion, he would not have given the crucial petri dish a second look. Personal communication from Pryce to Brown, cited in Brown, Note 26 above, p 3 and Note 3, p 255"},{"key":"139_CR39","unstructured":"Heatley, Note 30 above, p 11"},{"key":"139_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waksman SA (1964) The conquest of tuberculosis. University of California Press, Berkeley, p 164","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520328471"},{"key":"139_CR41","unstructured":"Waksman, Note 2 above, p 10"},{"key":"139_CR42","unstructured":"Waksman, Note 40 above, p 184"}],"container-title":["Irish Journal of Medical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11845-008-0139-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11845-008-0139-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11845-008-0139-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T21:03:10Z","timestamp":1708722190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11845-008-0139-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,18]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}},"alternative-id":["139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11845-008-0139-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-1265","1863-4362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-1265","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-4362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,18]]}}}