{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:08:48Z","timestamp":1792112928259,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ir J Med Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-020-02235-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T06:03:07Z","timestamp":1589436187000},"page":"1477-1484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Medicine and heuristics: cognitive biases and medical decision-making"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"Dale F.","family":"Whelehan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin C.","family":"Conlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul F.","family":"Ridgway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4157","key":"2235_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4157.1124","volume":"185","author":"A Tversky","year":"1974","unstructured":"Tversky A, Kahneman D (1974) Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Science 185(4157):1124\u20131131","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2235_CR2","volume-title":"To err is human: building a safer health system","author":"LT Kohn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kohn LT, Corrigan J, Donaldson MS (2000) To err is human: building a safer health system, vol 6. National academy press, Washington, DC"},{"issue":"1","key":"2235_CR3","first-page":"39","volume":"39","author":"C Andel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Andel C, Davidow SL, Hollander M, Moreno DA (2012) The economics of health care quality and medical errors. J Health Care Finance 39(1):39","journal-title":"J Health Care Finance"},{"key":"2235_CR4","unstructured":"Shreve J, Van Den Bos J, Gray T, Halford M, Rustagi K, Ziemkiewicz E, 2010 The economic measurement of medical errors sponsored by society of actuaries\u2019 health section. Milliman Inc. Link available at: http:\/\/www.tehandassociates.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/08\/researchecon-measurement.pdf. Accessed 25 Apr 2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2235_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(02)00185-3","volume":"87","author":"V Goel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goel V, Dolan RJ (2003) Explaining modulation of reasoning by belief. Cognition 87(1):B11\u2013B22","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2235_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511598951.003","volume":"1","author":"DE Bell","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bell DE, Raiffa H, Tversky A (1988) Descriptive, normative, and prescriptive interactions in decision making. Decis Mak 1:9\u201332","journal-title":"Decis Mak"},{"key":"2235_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-20568-4_5","volume-title":"Utility and probability","author":"HA Simon","year":"1990","unstructured":"Simon HA (1990) Bounded rationality. In: Utility and probability. Palgrave Macmillan, London, pp 15\u201318"},{"issue":"2","key":"2235_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.135.2.207","volume":"135","author":"J Rieskamp","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rieskamp J, Otto PE (2006) SSL: a theory of how people learn to select strategies. J Exp Psychol Gen 135(2):207","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"issue":"2","key":"2235_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6916.2007.00035.x","volume":"2","author":"DJ Keys","year":"2007","unstructured":"Keys DJ, Schwartz B (2007) \u201cLeaky\u201d rationality: how research on behavioral decision making challenges normative standards of rationality. Perspect Psychol Sci 2(2):162\u2013180","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2235_CR10","unstructured":"Gigerenzer G (2007) Gut feelings: the intelligence of the unconscious, Penguin Books, New York"},{"issue":"5","key":"2235_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-156-5-201203060-00005","volume":"156","author":"O Wegwarth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wegwarth O, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S, Gaissmaier W, Gigerenzer G (2012) Do physicians understand cancer screening statistics? A national survey of primary care physicians in the United States. Ann Intern Med 156(5):340\u2013349","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2235_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X14547740","volume":"35","author":"JS Blumenthal-Barby","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blumenthal-Barby JS, Krieger H (2015) Cognitive biases and heuristics in medical decision making: a critical review using a systematic search strategy. Med Decis Mak 35(4):539\u2013557","journal-title":"Med Decis Mak"},{"issue":"1","key":"2235_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000073","volume":"120","author":"MP Stiegler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stiegler MP, Tung A (2014) Cognitive processes in anesthesiology decision making. Anesthesiology 120(1):204\u2013217","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2235_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1197\/aemj.9.11.1184","volume":"9","author":"P Croskerry","year":"2002","unstructured":"Croskerry P (2002) Achieving quality in clinical decision making: cognitive strategies and detection of bias. Acad Emerg Med 9(11):1184\u20131204","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2235_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000077","volume":"89","author":"S Mamede","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mamede S, Van Gog T, Van Den Berge K, Van Saase JL, Schmidt HG (2014) Why do doctors make mistakes? A study of the role of salient distracting clinical features. Acad Med 89(1):114\u2013120","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2235_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2012.14.1\/jmarewski","volume":"14","author":"JN Marewski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marewski JN, Gigerenzer G (2012) Heuristic decision making in medicine. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 14(1):77","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2235_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2013.03.006","volume":"24","author":"K Van den Berge","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van den Berge K, Mamede S (2013) Cognitive diagnostic error in internal medicine. Eur J Int Med 24(6):525\u2013529","journal-title":"Eur J Int Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2235_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31820824cd","volume":"86","author":"JW Ely","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ely JW, Graber ML, Croskerry P (2011) Checklists to reduce diagnostic errors. Acad Med 86(3):307\u2013313","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2235_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199907000-00012","volume":"74","author":"AS Elstein","year":"1999","unstructured":"Elstein AS (1999) Heuristics and biases: selected errors in clinical reasoning. Acad Med 74(7):791\u2013794","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2235_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/39.7.1468","volume":"39","author":"NV Dawson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dawson NV (1993) Physician judgment in clinical settings: methodological influences and cognitive performance. Clin Chem 39(7):1468\u20131478","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"2235_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02596149","volume":"2","author":"NV Dawson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Dawson NV, Arkes HR (1987) Systematic errors in medical decision making. J Gen Intern Med 2(3):183\u2013187","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2235_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci0804_5","volume":"8","author":"J Sweller","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sweller J, Chandler P (1991) Evidence for cognitive load theory. Cogn Instr 8(4):351\u2013362","journal-title":"Cogn Instr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2235_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-016-0377-1","volume":"16","author":"G Saposnik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saposnik G, Redelmeier D, Ruff CC, Tobler PN (2016) Cognitive biases associated with medical decisions: a systematic review. BMC Med Inform Decis Making 16(1):138","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Making"},{"issue":"8","key":"2235_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200308000-00003","volume":"78","author":"P Croskerry","year":"2003","unstructured":"Croskerry P (2003) The importance of cognitive errors in diagnosis and strategies to minimize them. Acad Med 78(8):776","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2235_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1276","volume":"304","author":"S Mamede","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mamede S, van Gog T, van den Berge K, Rikers RM, van Saase JL, van Guldener C, Schmidt HG (2010) Effect of availability bias and reflective reasoning on diagnostic accuracy among internal medicine residents. JAMA 304(11):1198\u20131203","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"2235_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31826742c9","volume":"87","author":"AR Ogdie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ogdie AR, Reilly JB, Pang MWG, Keddem MS, Barg FK, Von Feldt JM, Myers JS (2012) Seen through their eyes: residents\u2019 reflections on the cognitive and contextual components of diagnostic errors in medicine. Acad Med 87(10):1361","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2235_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-012-9374-z","volume":"18","author":"RS Crowley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Crowley RS, Legowski E, Medvedeva O, Reitmeyer K, Tseytlin E, Castine M, Jukic D, Mello-Thoms C (2013) Automated detection of heuristics and biases among pathologists in a computer-based system. Adv Health Sci Educ 18(3):343\u2013363","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ"},{"issue":"12","key":"2235_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1810-x","volume":"26","author":"TV Perneger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Perneger TV, Agoritsas T (2011) Doctors and patients\u2019 susceptibility to framing bias: a randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med 26(12):1411\u20131417","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2235_CR29","first-page":"692","volume":"211","author":"LM Yee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yee LM, Liu LY, Grobman WA (2014) The relationship between obstetricians\u2019 cognitive and affective traits and their patients\u2019 delivery outcomes. Am J Obstetr Gynaecol 211(6):692\u20136e1","journal-title":"Am J Obstetr Gynaecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2235_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X03256010","volume":"23","author":"PC Sorum","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sorum PC, Shim J, Chasseigne G, Bonnin-Scaon S, Cogneau J, Mullet E (2003) Why do primary care physicians in the United States and France order prostate-specific antigen tests for asymptomatic patients? Med Decis Mak 23(4):301\u2013313","journal-title":"Med Decis Mak"},{"issue":"9","key":"2235_CR31","first-page":"2","volume":"173","author":"MC Seda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seda MC, U.S.N (2008) Look out doctor, you may be getting framed: heuristics in medical decision-making. Mil Med 173(9):2","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2235_CR32","unstructured":"Colman A, Group think: bandwagon effect. 2003. In: Oxford Dictionary of Psychology. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 77"},{"key":"2235_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814417358_0016","volume-title":"Handbook of the Fundamentals of Financial Decision Making: Part I","author":"D Kahneman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kahneman D, Tversky A (2013) Choices, values, and frames. In: Handbook of the Fundamentals of Financial Decision Making: Part I, pp 269\u2013278"},{"issue":"2","key":"2235_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2753.2002.00353.x","volume":"8","author":"K Malterud","year":"2002","unstructured":"Malterud K (2002) Reflexivity and metapositions: strategies for appraisal of clinical evidence. J Eval Clin Pract 8(2):121\u2013126","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"2235_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00201-4","volume":"42","author":"AJ Kalf","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kalf AJ, Spruijt-Metz D (1996) Variation in diagnoses: influence of specialists\u2019 training on selecting and ranking relevant information in geriatric case vignettes. Soc Sci Med 42(5):705\u2013712","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2235_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1986.tb02278.x","volume":"16","author":"DB Sugarman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sugarman DB (1986) Active versus passive euthanasia: an attributional analysis 1. J Appl Soc Psychol 16(1):60\u201376","journal-title":"J Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2235_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159031000092580","volume":"25","author":"RR Kempainen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kempainen RR, Migeon MB, Wolf FM (2003) Understanding our mistakes: a primer on errors in clinical reasoning. Med Teach 25(2):177","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"1_Part_1","key":"2235_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-1_Part_1-199601010-00009","volume":"124","author":"CJ McDonald","year":"1996","unstructured":"McDonald CJ (1996) Medical heuristics: the silent adjudicators of clinical practice. Ann Intern Med 124(1_Part_1):56\u201362","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2235_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(00)00130-6","volume":"12","author":"Y Nakata","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nakata Y, Okuno-Fujiwara M, Goto T, Morita S (2000) Risk attitudes of anesthesiologists and surgeons in clinical decision making with expected years of life. J Clin Anesth 12(2):146\u2013150","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"2235_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4020","volume":"90","author":"JC Hall","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hall JC, Ellis C, Hamdorf J (2003) Surgeons and cognitive processes. Br J Surg 90(1):10\u201316","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2235_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000073","volume":"10","author":"DJ Murray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Murray DJ, Freeman BD, Boulet JR, Woodhouse J, Fehr JJ, Klingensmith ME (2015) Decision making in trauma settings: simulation to improve diagnostic skills. Simul Healthc 10(3):139\u2013145","journal-title":"Simul Healthc"},{"issue":"11","key":"2235_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1980.03300370030022","volume":"243","author":"PE Collicott","year":"1980","unstructured":"Collicott PE, Hughes I (1980) Training in advanced trauma life support. JAMA 243(11):1156\u20131159","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"2235_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0502.102963","volume":"105","author":"KB Kern","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Berg RA, Sanders AB, Ewy GA (2002) Importance of continuous chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: improved outcome during a simulated single lay-rescuer scenario. Circulation 105(5):645\u2013649","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2235_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reason J (1990) Human error. Cambridge university press","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139062367"},{"issue":"5","key":"2235_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2014.956052","volume":"37","author":"EJ Custers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Custers EJ (2015) Thirty years of illness scripts: theoretical origins and practical applications. Med Teach 37(5):457\u2013462","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"12","key":"2235_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2004.01917.x","volume":"38","author":"S Mamede","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mamede S, Schmidt HG (2004) The structure of reflective practice in medicine. Med Educ 38(12):1302\u20131308","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"2235_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6n DA (2017) The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Routledge","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315237473"},{"issue":"4286","key":"2235_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1126\/science.847460","volume":"196","author":"GL Engel","year":"1977","unstructured":"Engel GL (1977) The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science 196(4286):129\u2013136","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2235_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X288385","volume":"50","author":"G Klein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Klein G (2008) Naturalistic decision making. Hum Factors 50(3):456\u2013460","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"2235_CR50","unstructured":"Effectivepractitioner.nes.scot.nhs.uk (n.d.) Clinical Decision Making. [online] Available at: http:\/\/www.effectivepractitioner.nes.scot.nhs.uk\/media\/254840\/clinical%20decision%20making.pdf Accessed 19 Mar 2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"2235_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1888-1","volume":"27","author":"DJ Hyman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN, Greisinger AJ, Chan W, Bayona J, Mansyur C, Simms V, Pool J (2012) Effect of a physician uncertainty reduction intervention on blood pressure in uncontrolled hypertensives\u2014A cluster randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med 27(4):413\u2013419","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2235_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.9.833","volume":"282","author":"RM Epstein","year":"1999","unstructured":"Epstein RM (1999) Mindful practice. JAMA 282(9):833\u2013839","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2235_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Graber ML (2013) The incidence of diagnostic error in medicine. BMJ Qual Saf. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjqs-2012-001615","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2012-001615"},{"issue":"10","key":"2235_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.249","volume":"301","author":"DE Newman-Toker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Newman-Toker DE, Pronovost PJ (2009) Diagnostic errors\u2014the next frontier for patient safety. JAMA 301(10):1060\u20131062","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2235_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(98)00107-X","volume":"176","author":"TG Lynch","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lynch TG, Woelfl NN, Steele DJ, Hanssen CS (1998) Learning style influences student examination performance. Am J Surg 176(1):62\u201366","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2235_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(96)80234-0","volume":"120","author":"JD Birkmeyer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Birkmeyer JD, Birkmeyer NOC (1996) Decision analysis in surgery. Surgery 120(1):7\u201315","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"9","key":"2235_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.13448","volume":"86","author":"NR Bhatt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhatt NR, Doherty EM, Mansour E, Traynor O, Ridgway PF (2016) Impact of a clinical decision making module on the attitudes and perceptions of surgical trainees. ANZ J Surg 86(9):660\u2013664","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"issue":"13","key":"2235_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1031474","volume":"170","author":"JK Woo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Woo JK, Ghorayeb SH, Lee CK, Sangha H, Richter S (2004) Effect of patient socioeconomic status on perceptions of first-and second-year medical students. Can Med Assoc J 170(13):1915\u20131919","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2235_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4103\/2347-9019.130378","volume":"1","author":"A Ehteshami","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ehteshami A, Rezaei P, Tavakoli N, Kasaei M (2013) The role of health information technology in reducing preventable medical errors and improving patient safety. Int J Health Syst Disaster Manag 1(4):195","journal-title":"Int J Health Syst Disaster Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"2235_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599815620558","volume":"154","author":"EF Boss","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boss EF, Mehta N, Nagarajan N, Links A, Benke JR, Berger Z, Espinel A, Meier J, Lipstein EA (2016) Shared decision making and choice for elective surgical care: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 154(3):405\u2013420","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2235_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e9gar\u00e9 F, Stacey D, Turcotte S, Cossi MJ, Kryworuchko J, Graham ID, Lyddiatt A, Politi MC, Thomson R, Elwyn G, Donner\u2010Banzhoff N (2014) Interventions for improving the adoption of shared decision making by healthcare professionals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006732.pub3"},{"key":"2235_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e256","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e256","volume":"344","author":"AM Stiggelbout","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stiggelbout AM, Van der Weijden T, Wit MPTD, Frosch D, L\u00e9gar\u00e9 F, Montori VM, Trevena L, Elwyn G (2012) Shared decision making: really putting patients at the centre of healthcare. BMJ 344:e256","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2235_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2006.00638.x","volume":"13","author":"S Mamede","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mamede S, Schmidt HG, Rikers R (2007) Diagnostic errors and reflective practice in medicine. J Eval Clin Pract 13(1):138\u2013145","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"2235_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000093","volume":"10","author":"MP Stiegler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stiegler MP, Gaba DM (2015) Decision-making and cognitive strategies. Simul Healthc 10(3):133\u2013138","journal-title":"Simul Healthc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2235_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000576","volume":"76","author":"TR Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith TR, Habib A, Rosenow JM, Nahed BV, Babu MA, Cybulski G, Fessler R, Batjer HH, Heary RF (2014) Defensive medicine in neurosurgery: does state-level liability risk matter? Neurosurgery 76(2):105\u2013114","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2235_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kachalia A, Mello MM (2013) Defensive medicine\u2014legally necessary but ethically wrong?: Inpatient stress testing for chest pain in low-risk patients. JAMA","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.7293"},{"issue":"9","key":"2235_CR67","first-page":"4912","volume":"61","author":"I Amirian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amirian I (2014) The impact of sleep deprivation on surgeons\u2019 performance during night shifts. Dan Med J 61(9):4912","journal-title":"Dan Med J"},{"issue":"11","key":"2235_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.11.1392","volume":"28","author":"I Philibert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Philibert I (2005) Sleep loss and performance in residents and nonphysicians: a metaanalytic examination. Sleep 28(11):1392\u20131402","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2235_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800840416","volume":"84","author":"KA Wesnes","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wesnes KA, Walker MB, Walker LG, Heys SD, White L, Warren R, Eremin O (1997) Cognitive performance and mood after a weekend on call in a surgical unit. Br J Surg 84(4):493\u2013495","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2235_CR70","unstructured":"Hall WJ, Chapman MV, Lee KM, Merino YM, Thomas TW, Payne BK, Eng E, Day SH, Coyne-Beasley T (2015) Implicit racial\/ethnic bias among health care professionals and its influence on heal"},{"issue":"4","key":"2235_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.1994.tb02719.x","volume":"28","author":"JM Merrill","year":"1994","unstructured":"Merrill JM, Camacho Z, Laux LF, Lorimor R, Thornby JI, Vallbona C (1994) Uncertainties and ambiguities: measuring how medical students cope. Med Educ 28(4):316\u2013322","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2235_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X08315249","volume":"28","author":"I Hozo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hozo I, Djulbegovic B (2008) When is diagnostic testing inappropriate or irrational? Acceptable regret approach. Med Decis Mak 28(4):540\u2013553","journal-title":"Med Decis Mak"},{"issue":"3","key":"2235_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20000801)89:3<561::AID-CNCR11>3.0.CO;2-A","volume":"89","author":"JS Mandelblatt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mandelblatt JS, Hadley J, Kerner JF, Schulman KA, Gold K, Dunmore\u2010Griffith J, Edge S, Guadagnoli E, Lynch JJ, Meropol NJ, Weeks JC (2000) Patterns of breast carcinoma treatment in older women: patient preference and clinical and physician influences. Cancer 89(3):561\u2013573","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2235_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2923.2002.01140.x","volume":"36","author":"KH Hall","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hall KH (2002) Reviewing intuitive decision\u2010making and uncertainty: the implications for medical education. Med Educ 36(3):216\u2013224","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2235_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-0464(02)00009-6","volume":"35","author":"VL Patel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Patel VL, Kaufman DR, Arocha JF (2002) Emerging paradigms of cognition in medical decision-making. J Biomed Inform 35(1):52\u201375 Internal Medicine, 173(12), pp.1056-1057","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"}],"container-title":["Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11845-020-02235-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11845-020-02235-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11845-020-02235-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]],"date-time":"2022-10-23T14:32:50Z","timestamp":1666535570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11845-020-02235-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11845-020-02235-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-1265","1863-4362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-1265","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-4362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not required","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}