{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:42:16Z","timestamp":1790703736723,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Dublin, Trinity College"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ir J Med Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Festival drug-related deaths are a growing public health concern.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To examine drug use and related harm-reduction practices and attitudes towards utilisation of drug safety testing services.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Data collection took place over the 2019 festival season (June\u2013October). The questionnaire was self-reported. Data was gathered via the online survey, which was promoted through online and social media platforms and outlets. Social media communication methods were used to reach the targeted population more effectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 1193 Irish festival attendees over the age of 18 completed an anonymous online survey. Alcohol, MDMA powder\/crystals, ecstasy pills and cocaine were the highest reported drugs used by Irish festival attendees. The vast majority of participants reported polysubstance use (86.8%\/<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091036). Forty percent of participants (39.98%\/<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009477) reported having had sex following the use of a drug at a festival; of these, 66% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009316) said that the sex was unprotected. Most participants (84.0%\/<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091003) engaged in some form of harm reduction when taking drugs at festivals.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Overwhelmingly, participants reported a willingness to engage with drug-checking services. The vast majority (96.3%; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091149) and would use drug checking services more than three-quarters (75.1%\/<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009897) reported that they would use an \u2018amnesty bin\u2019 for drugs if it were part of an alert system to notify if dangerous drugs are in circulation. A chi-square test of Independence was conducted to examine whether age and utilisation of drug safety testing service a festival were independent. Moreover, when all cases are taken together, the difference between testing modalities (onsite, offsite and amnesty bin) shows a significant difference <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009001 between those who would use onsite and offsite drug testing facilities.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The evidence from this survey indicates that those young people who use drugs at festivals would be prepared to utilise drug checking services and amnesty bins should help inform the public health response to this important area.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-021-02765-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T20:37:20Z","timestamp":1632170240000},"page":"1701-1710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Drug use, harm-reduction practices and attitudes toward the utilisation of drug safety testing services in an Irish cohort of festival-goers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Jo-Hanna","family":"Ivers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicki","family":"Killeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eamon","family":"Keenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2765_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X16001205","volume":"32","author":"SA Turris","year":"2017","unstructured":"Turris SA, Lund A (2017) Mortality at music festivals: academic and grey literature for case finding. Prehosp Disaster Med 32(1):58\u201363","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"key":"2765_CR2","unstructured":"European Monitoring Committee on Drug and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) (2012b) Travel and drug use in Europe: a short review. Thematic Papers. EMCDDA, Lisbon"},{"key":"2765_CR3","unstructured":"Moore K, Matias J (2018) Monitoring drug use in recreational settings across Europe: conceptual challenges and methodological innovations."},{"issue":"2","key":"2765_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2010.00489.x","volume":"18","author":"K Hughes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hughes K, Bellis MA, Calafat A et al (2011) Substance use, violence, and unintentional injury in young holidaymakers visiting Mediterranean destinations. J Travel Med 18(2):80\u201389","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2765_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2478\/v10199-012-0035-6","volume":"29","author":"S Ravn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ravn S, Demant J (2012) Prevalence and perceptions of ketamine use among Danish clubbers: a mixed-method study. Nordic Stud Alcohol Drugs 29(4):397\u2013412","journal-title":"Nordic Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"2765_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkinson R, Bowring A, Dietze P et al (2014) Young risk takers: alcohol, illicit drugs, and sexual practices among a sample of music festival attendees. J Sexually Transmit Dis Vol 357239","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/357239"},{"issue":"1","key":"2765_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1071\/SH06031","volume":"4","author":"MS Lim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lim MS, Hellard ME, Aitken CK, Hocking JS (2007) Sexual-risk behaviour, self-perceived risk and knowledge of sexually transmissible infections among young Australians attending a music festival. Sexual health 4(1):51\u201356","journal-title":"Sexual health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2765_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12576","volume":"37","author":"MJ Barratt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barratt MJ, Bruno R, Ezard N, Ritter A (2018) Pill testing or drug checking in Australia: acceptability of service design features. Drug Alcohol Rev 37(2):226\u2013236","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"2765_CR9","unstructured":"Olsen A, Wong G, McDonald D (2019) ACT Pill Testing Trial 2019: Program evaluation."},{"key":"2765_CR10","unstructured":"Brunt T (2012) PhD thesis title monitoring illicit psychostimulants and related health issues."},{"key":"2765_CR11","volume-title":"Drug checking as a harm reduction tool for recreational drug users: opportunities and challenges","author":"T Brunt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brunt T (2017) Drug checking as a harm reduction tool for recreational drug users: opportunities and challenges. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon"},{"key":"2765_CR12","unstructured":"Benschop A, Rabes M, Korf DJ (2002) Pill testing, ecstasy & prevention. Eine wis. Rozenberg Publishers, Amsterdam (www.rozenbergps.com)."},{"key":"2765_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy S, Bright SJ, Dear G (2021) Could a drug\u2010checking service increase intention to use ecstasy at a festival? Drug and Alcohol Review","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13259"},{"key":"2765_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.11.001","volume":"67","author":"FC Measham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Measham FC (2019) Drug safety testing, disposals and dealing in an English field: Exploring the operational and behavioural outcomes of the UK\u2019s first onsite \u2018drug checking\u2019service. Int J Drug Pol 67:102\u2013107","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2765_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14231","volume":"86","author":"F Measham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Measham F (2020) City checking: piloting the UK\u2019s first community-based drug safety testing (drug checking) service in 2 city centres. Br J Clin Pharmacol 86(3):420\u2013428","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2765_CR16","unstructured":"Gold MS, Cadet JL, Baron D et al (2020) Calvin klein (CK) designer cocktail, new \u201cSpeedball\u201d is the \u201cgrimm reaper\u201d: brain dopaminergic surge a potential death sentence. J Sys Integrat Neurosci 7"},{"key":"2765_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.08.002","volume":"60","author":"J Grigg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grigg J, Barratt MJ, Lenton S (2018) Drug detection dogs at Australian outdoor music festivals: deterrent, detection and iatrogenic effects. Int J Drug Policy 60:89\u201395","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"key":"2765_CR18","unstructured":"Potter G (2009) Exploring retail-level drug distribution: social supply,\u201creal\u201d dealers and the user\/dealer interface. Old and new policies, theories, research methods and drug users across Europe:50\u201374"},{"key":"2765_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coomber R, Moyle L, South N (2016) The normalisation of drug supply: the social supply of drugs as the \u201cother side\u201d of the history of normalisation. Drugs: Educ Prevent\u00a0 Pol 23(3):255\u2013263","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2015.1110565"},{"issue":"1","key":"2765_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2004.09.001","volume":"16","author":"I Panagopoulos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Panagopoulos I, Ricciardelli LA (2005) Harm reduction and decision making among recreational ecstasy users. Int J Drug Policy 16(1):54\u201364","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"2765_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.09.003","volume":"19","author":"C Jacinto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jacinto C, Duterte M, Sales P, Murphy S (2008) Maximising the highs and minimising the lows: harm reduction guidance within ecstasy distribution networks. Int J Drug Policy 19(5):393\u2013400","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy"},{"issue":"9","key":"2765_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.323","volume":"3","author":"TM Brunt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brunt TM, Niesink RJ (2011) The Drug Information and Monitoring System (DIMS) in the Netherlands: implementation, results, and international comparison. Drug Test Anal 3(9):621\u2013634","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"2765_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McAleer A, Daly A, Leary S, Barry J, Mullin M, Ivers J-H (2021) A peer-led survey of student alcohol behaviours and motives in undergraduate students. Ir J Med Sci (1971-):1\u20135","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-020-02445-7"}],"container-title":["Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11845-021-02765-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11845-021-02765-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11845-021-02765-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,24]],"date-time":"2022-07-24T02:09:43Z","timestamp":1658628583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11845-021-02765-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2765"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11845-021-02765-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-1265","1863-4362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-1265","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-4362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}