{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T18:09:18Z","timestamp":1786817358934,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,19]],"date-time":"2022-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,19]],"date-time":"2022-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ir J Med Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We aimed to assess the combined role of vitamin D and albumin serum levels as predictors of COVID-19 disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We conducted a prospective observational study on adult patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (March\u2013September 2020). Vitamin D and albumin serum levels were measured on admission. These variables were categorized in albumin\u2009&lt;\u20093.5 or\u2009\u2265\u20093.5\u00a0g\/dL and vitamin D\u2009&lt;\u200930\u00a0ng\/mL or\u2009\u2265\u200930\u00a0ng\/mL. We excluded patients with known bone diseases, renal failure, hypercalcemia and\/or treated with antiepileptic drugs and steroids, and patients who received previous vitamin D supplementation. A composite outcome including any ventilatory support, PaO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/FiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> ratio, and 60-day mortality was defined.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Sixty-nine patients were enrolled, of whom 50% received non-invasive (NIV) or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), 10% died, whereas 89% and 66% presented low albumin and low vitamin D serum levels, respectively. No correlation between vitamin D and albumin levels was found. In multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusted for sex and age-corrected comorbidities, patients having albumin\u2009&lt;\u20093.5\u00a0g\/dL and vitamin D\u2009&lt;\u200930\u00a0ng\/mL showed a significant increased risk for all study outcomes, namely NIV\/IMV (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> 3.815; 95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> 1.122\u201312.966; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.032), NIV\/IMV or death (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> 3.173; 95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> 1.002\u201310.043; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.049) and PaO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/FIO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2009\u2264\u2009100 (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic> 3.410; 95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic> 1.138\u201310.219; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.029).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The measurement of both vitamin D and serum albumin levels on COVID-19 patients\u2019 admission, and their combined evaluation, provides a simple prognostic tool that could be employed to guide prompt clinical decisions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-022-02952-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,19]],"date-time":"2022-02-19T08:09:52Z","timestamp":1645258192000},"page":"423-430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A combined role for low vitamin D and low albumin circulating levels as strong predictors of worse outcome in COVID-19 patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"192","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8319-635X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Sanson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5973-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amedeo","family":"De Nicol\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9204-032X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena","family":"Zerbato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6024-1485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovica","family":"Segat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1777-7110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaella","family":"Koncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6121-7009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Di Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1977-9694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Cusato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1122-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"di Masi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1143-4926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Palermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0490-0818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Caironi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4549-9602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierlanfranco","family":"D\u2019Agaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5546-0715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Luzzati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1321-4126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"D\u2019Avolio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2952_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2146","volume":"31","author":"B Gallo Marin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gallo Marin B, Aghagoli G, Lavine K et al (2021) Predictors of covid-19 severity: a literature review. 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