{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T12:18:49Z","timestamp":1779279529827,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ir J Med Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-025-04242-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T07:43:47Z","timestamp":1768895027000},"page":"793-805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Concussion recovery time, return-to-play protocols, and mandated sit-out periods among adult amateur contact field sports: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"195","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5287-1246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura C.","family":"Power","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian C.","family":"Kenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron J.","family":"Zynda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John J.E.","family":"Mulvihill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony P.","family":"Kontos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom M.","family":"Comyns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4242_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091941","volume":"47","author":"KG Harmon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Gammons M, Guskiewicz KM, Halstead M, Herring SA et al (2013) American medical society for sports medicine position statement: concussion in sport. Br J Sports Med 47(1):15\u201326","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4242_CR2","first-page":"228","volume":"36","author":"CC Giza","year":"2001","unstructured":"Giza CC, Hovda DA (2001) The neurometabolic cascade of concussion. J Athl Train 36(3):228\u2013235","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"4242_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patricios JS, Schneider KJ, Dvorak J, Ahmed OH, Blauwet C, Cantu RC et al (2023) Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport\u2013Amsterdam, October 2022. Br J Sports Med 57(11):695\u2013711","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106898"},{"issue":"2","key":"4242_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31828b67cf","volume":"23","author":"P McCrory","year":"2013","unstructured":"McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Aubry M, Cantu B, Dvorak J, Echemendia RJ et al (2013) Consensus statement on concussion in sport\u2013the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2012. Clin J Sport Med 23(2):89\u2013117","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4242_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01541-7","volume":"52","author":"SP Broglio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Broglio SP, McAllister T, Katz BP, LaPradd M, Zhou W, McCrea MA et al (2022) The natural history of Sport-Related concussion in collegiate athletes: findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE consortium. Sports Med Auckl NZ 52(2):403\u2013415","journal-title":"Sports Med Auckl NZ"},{"issue":"22","key":"4242_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104235","volume":"55","author":"S Herring","year":"2021","unstructured":"Herring S, Kibler WB, Putukian M, Solomon GS, Boyajian-O\u2019Neill L, Dec KL et al (2021) Selected issues in sport-related concussion (SRC|mild traumatic brain injury) for the team physician: a consensus statement. Br J Sports Med 55(22):1251\u20131261","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"4242_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097729","volume":"51","author":"GL Iverson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, Terry DP, Ponsford JL, Sills AK, Broshek DK et al (2017) Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 51(12):941\u2013948","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4242_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465221083646","volume":"50","author":"EX Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang EX, Hwang CE, Nguyen JN, Segovia NA, Abrams GD, Kussman A (2022) Factors associated with a prolonged time to return to play after a concussion. Am J Sports Med 50(6):1695\u20131701","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4242_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2022.11.029","volume":"39","author":"TJ Wait","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wait TJ, Eck AG, Loose T, Drumm A, Kolaczko JG, Stevanovic O et al (2023) Median time to return to sports after concussion is within 21 days in 80% of published studies. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery 39(3):887\u2013901","journal-title":"Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"4242_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/15588661241236408","volume":"48","author":"HL Shirley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shirley HL, Walker B, Reneker JC (2024) University club sport student-athlete concussion profiles differ by sport and sex. Recreat Sports J 48(1):66\u201374","journal-title":"Recreat Sports J"},{"issue":"3","key":"4242_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001346","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2022-001346","volume":"8","author":"A Walshe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Walshe A, Daly E, Ryan L (2022) Epidemiology of sport-related concussion rates in female contact\/collision sport: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport \u2014 Exerc Med 8(3):e001346","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport \u2014 Exerc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4242_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2020.08.013","volume":"40","author":"LA Pierpoint","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pierpoint LA, Collins C (2021) Epidemiology of sport-related concussion. Clin Sports Med 40(1):1\u201318","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4242_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01428-7","volume":"51","author":"KL Van Pelt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Pelt KL, Puetz T, Swallow J, Lapointe AP, Broglio SP (2021) Data-driven risk classification of concussion rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 51(6):1227\u20131244","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"4242_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2024.12677","volume":"54","author":"J Matias-Soto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Matias-Soto J, Infante-Cano M, Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz C, Pineda-Escobar S, Martinez-Calderon J (2024) Concussion incidence by type of sport: differences by sex, age groups, type of session, and level of play an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 54(11):1\u20139","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"4242_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03406-8","author":"SW Liebel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liebel SW, Van Pelt KL, Pasquina PF, McAllister TW, McCrea MA, Broglio SP et al (2023) Sport-specific recovery trajectories for NCAA collegiate athletes following concussion. Ann Biomed Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-023-03406-8","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"12","key":"4242_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-17-00276","volume":"25","author":"C Davis-Hayes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davis-Hayes C, Gossett JD, Levine WN, Shams T, Harada J, Mitnick J et al (2017) Sex-specific outcomes and predictors of concussion recovery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 25(12):818\u2013828","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"4242_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.1.07","volume":"49","author":"SP Broglio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Broglio SP, Cantu RC, Gioia GA, Guskiewicz KM, Kutcher J, Palm M et al (2014) National Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association position statement: management of sport concussion. J Athl Train 49(2):245\u201365","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"7","key":"4242_CR18","first-page":"426","volume":"99","author":"KA Scorza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scorza KA, Cole W (2019) Current concepts in concussion: initial evaluation and management. Am Fam Physician 99(7):426\u2013434","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"4242_CR19","unstructured":"Beakey M, Blake C, Tiernan S, Collins K (2016) Are Irish sporting organisations neglecting the safety of their athletes? A narrative review on concussion Return-to-Play protocols. Eur J Sports Med 3"},{"issue":"0","key":"4242_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"0","author":"M Prock","year":"2024","unstructured":"Prock M, O\u2019Sullivan DM, Tiernan S (2024) Comparing return to play protocols after sports-related concussion among international sporting organisations. Phys Sportsmed 0(0):1\u201311","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"key":"4242_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"issue":"4","key":"4242_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-103987","volume":"56","author":"CL Ardern","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ardern CL, B\u00fcttner F, Andrade R, Weir A, Ashe MC, Holden S et al (2022) Implementing the 27 PRISMA 2020 statement items for systematic reviews in the sport and exercise medicine, musculoskeletal rehabilitation and sports science fields: the persist (implementing Prisma in Exercise, Rehabilitation, sport medicine and sports science) guidance. Br J Sports Med 56(4):175\u2013195","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4242_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.11.025","volume":"68","author":"ML Rethlefsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rethlefsen ML, Farrell AM, Osterhaus Trzasko LC, Brigham TJ (2015) Librarian co-authors correlated with higher quality reported search strategies in general internal medicine systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol 68(6):617\u2013626","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4242_CR24","unstructured":"EndNote [Internet] Clarivate. [cited 2024 Jun 7]. Available from: https:\/\/clarivate.com\/innovation-exchange\/solution\/endnote\/"},{"key":"4242_CR25","unstructured":"Covidence - Better systematic review management [Internet]. Covidence. [cited 2024 Jun 7]. Available from: https:\/\/www.covidence.org\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"4242_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0080","volume":"121","author":"SG Rice","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rice SG (2008) Medical conditions affecting sports participation. Pediatrics 121(4):841\u2013848","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4242_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-018-0178-3","volume":"6","author":"KL Van Pelt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Pelt KL, Allred D, Cameron KL, Campbell DE, D\u2019Lauro CJ, He X et al (2019) A cohort study to identify and evaluate concussion risk factors across multiple injury settings: findings from the CARE consortium. Inj Epidemiol 6(1):1","journal-title":"Inj Epidemiol"},{"key":"4242_CR28","unstructured":"Study Quality Assessment Tools | NHLBI NIH [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jun 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools"},{"issue":"3","key":"4242_CR29","first-page":"548","volume":"69","author":"MH Ebell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ebell MH, Siwek J, Weiss BD, Woolf SH, Susman J, Ewigman B et al (2004) Strength of recommendation taxonomy (SORT): A Patient-Centered approach to grading evidence in the medical literature. Am Fam Physician 69(3):548\u2013556","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"2","key":"4242_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.08.294","volume":"23","author":"DR Howell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Howell DR, Brilliant AN, Oldham JR, Berkstresser B, Wang F, Meehan WP (2020) Exercise in the first week following concussion among collegiate athletes: preliminary findings. J Sci Med Sport 23(2):112\u2013117","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"7 suppl3","key":"4242_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325967123S0008","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967123S00085","volume":"60","author":"J Sterling","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sterling J, Robinson S, Meyers M, Paper (2023) Effect of mouthguard type on severity of concussion during Game-Related college football Competition. A 16-Season prospective study. Orthop J Sports Med 60(7 suppl3):2325967123S00085","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4242_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.5.02","volume":"51","author":"BM Asken","year":"2016","unstructured":"Asken BM, McCrea MA, Clugston JR, Snyder AR, Houck ZM, Bauer RM (2016) Playing through it: delayed reporting and removal from athletic activity after concussion predicts prolonged recovery. J Athl Train 51(4):329\u2013335","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"10","key":"4242_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120960206","volume":"8","author":"JM Bayram","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bayram JM, Hamilton DF, Saunders DH (2020) Epidemiology of American football injuries at universities in the United Kingdom. Orthop J Sports Med 8(10):2325967120960206","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4242_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515610537","volume":"44","author":"EB Wasserman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wasserman EB, Kerr ZY, Zuckerman SL, Covassin T (2016) Epidemiology of sports-related concussions in National collegiate athletic association athletes from 2009\u20132010 to 2013\u20132014: symptom prevalence, symptom resolution time, and return-to-play time. Am J Sports Med 44(1):226\u2013233","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"4242_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.4085\/601-20","volume":"57","author":"AC Bretzin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bretzin AC, Esopenko C, D\u2019Alonzo BA, Wiebe DJ (2022) Clinical recovery timelines after sport-related concussion in men\u2019s and women\u2019s collegiate sports. J Athl Train 57(7):678\u2013687","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"3","key":"4242_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.3.05","volume":"51","author":"T Covassin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Covassin T, Moran R, Elbin RJ (2016) Sex differences in reported concussion injury rates and time loss from participation: an update of the National collegiate athletic association injury surveillance program from 2004\u20132005 through 2008\u20132009. J Athl Train 51(3):189\u2013194","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"2","key":"4242_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000001090","volume":"33","author":"R Leahy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leahy R, Rochfort KD, Whyte E, Kontos AP, Collins MW, O\u2019Connor S (2023) Concussion in ladies Gaelic football: self-reported history, clinical profiles, and management behavior. Clin J Sport Med 33(2):157","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"4242_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2022.05.001","volume":"55","author":"N Yener","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yener N, Glendon K, Pain MTG (2022) The association between sport-related concussion and musculoskeletal injury in university rugby athletes. Phys Ther Sport 55:264\u2013270","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"issue":"6","key":"4242_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738121997145","volume":"13","author":"C Yeomans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yeomans C, Kenny IC, Cahalan R, Warrington GD, Harrison AJ, Purtill H et al (2021) Injury trends in Irish amateur rugby: an epidemiological comparison of men and women. Sports Health 13(6):540\u2013547","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"4242_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5453","volume":"35","author":"V Gallagher","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gallagher V, Kramer N, Abbott K, Alexander J, Breiter H, Herrold A et al (2018) The effects of sex differences and hormonal contraception on outcomes after collegiate Sports-Related concussion. J Neurotrauma 35(11):1242\u20131247","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"4242_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-575-18","volume":"55","author":"S Ball","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ball S, Halaki M, Orr R (2020) Movement demands and injury characteristics in Under-20-Years university rugby union players. J Athl Train 55(4):376\u2013383","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"15","key":"4242_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1418193","volume":"36","author":"CW Fuller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fuller CW, Taylor A, Raftery M (2018) Eight-season epidemiological study of injuries in men\u2019s international Under-20 rugby tournaments. J Sports Sci 36(15):1776\u20131783","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4242_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516668296","volume":"45","author":"SP Roberts","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roberts SP, Trewartha G, England M, Goodison W, Stokes KA (2016) Concussions and head injuries in English community rugby union match play. Am J Sports Med 45(2):480\u2013487","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4242_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002787","volume":"54","author":"TA Buckley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Buckley TA, Munkasy BA, Evans KM, Clouse B (2022) Acute physical and mental activity influence on concussion recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc 54(2):307\u2013312","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"4242_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beidler E, Kelshaw PM, Wallace J, Larson MJ, Munce TA, Donahue CC et al (2023) Racial identity and concussion diagnosis and recovery trajectories in collegiate athletes: a LIMBIC MATARS investigation. Brain Inj, pp 1\u20139","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2023.2253528"},{"key":"4242_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Dvorak J, Aubry M, Bailes J, Broglio S, et al (2017) Consensus statement on concussion in sport\u2014the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med 51(11):838\u201347","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699"},{"issue":"4","key":"4242_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-44.4.434","volume":"44","author":"P McCrory","year":"2009","unstructured":"McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Johnston K, Dvorak J, Aubry M, Molloy M et al (2009) Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 3rd international conference on concussion in sport held in Zurich, November 2008. J Athl Train 44(4):434\u201348","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"4242_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buckley TA, Baugh CM, Meehan WP, DiFabio MS (2017) Concussion Management Plan Compliance: A Study of NCAA Power 5 Conference Schools. Orthop J Sports Med 5(4):2325967117702606","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967117702606"},{"key":"4242_CR49","unstructured":"Irish Rugby | IRFU Concussion Protocols [Internet] [cited 2024 Jun 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.irishrugby.ie\/playing-the-game\/medical\/irfu-concussion-protocols\/"},{"issue":"20","key":"4242_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002679","volume":"86","author":"LD Nelson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nelson LD, Tarima S, LaRoche AA, Hammeke TA, Barr WB, Guskiewicz K et al (2016) Preinjury somatization symptoms contribute to clinical recovery after sport-related concussion. Neurology 86(20):1856\u20131863","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4242_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i28","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.058230","volume":"43","author":"M Putukian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Putukian M, Aubry M, McCrory P (2009) Return to play after sports concussion in elite and non-elite athletes? Br J Sports Med 43(Suppl 1):i28\u201331","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"4242_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0215424","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215424","volume":"14","author":"SR Corman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Corman SR, Adame BJ, Tsai JY, Ruston SW, Beaumont JS, Kamrath JK et al (2019) Socioecological influences on concussion reporting by NCAA division 1 athletes in high-risk sports. PLoS One 14(5):e0215424","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"4242_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106682","volume":"57","author":"M Putukian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Putukian M, Purcell L, Schneider KJ, Black AM, Burma JS, Chandran A et al (2023) Clinical recovery from concussion\u2013return to school and sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 57(12):798\u2013809","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4242_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4552","volume":"77","author":"AP Kontos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kontos AP, Jorgensen-Wagers K, Trbovich AM, Ernst N, Emami K, Gillie B et al (2020) Association of time since injury to the first clinic visit with recovery following concussion. JAMA Neurol 77(4):435\u2013440","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"4242_CR55","unstructured":"NCAA. Concussion Safety Protocol Checklist [Internet] (2023) Available from: https:\/\/ncaaorg.s3.amazonaws.com\/ssi\/concussion\/SSI_ConcussionSafetyProtocolChecklist.pdf"},{"key":"4242_CR56","unstructured":"Updated NCAA, Concussion Protocol Requirements and Compliance with the Arrington Settlement Agreement - Law Firm Alliance [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jul 11]. Available from: https:\/\/www.lawfirmalliance.org\/news-insights-events\/updated-ncaa-concussion-protocol-requirements-and-compliance-with-the-arrington-settlement-agreement"},{"key":"4242_CR57","unstructured":"UK Government. UK Concussion Guidelines for Non-Elite (Grassroots) Sport [Internet] (2023) Available from: https:\/\/sramedia.s3.amazonaws.com\/media\/documents\/9ced1e1a-5d3b-4871-9209-bff4b2575b46.pdf"},{"issue":"7","key":"4242_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518785901","volume":"47","author":"AL McPherson","year":"2019","unstructured":"McPherson AL, Nagai T, Webster KE, Hewett TE (2019) Musculoskeletal injury risk after sport-related concussion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 47(7):1754\u20131762","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4242_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100579","volume":"54","author":"M McCrea","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCrea M, Broglio S, McAllister T, Zhou W, Zhao S, Katz B et al (2020) Return to play and risk of repeat concussion in collegiate football players: comparative analysis from the NCAA concussion study (1999\u20132001) and CARE consortium (2014\u20132017). Br J Sports Med 54(2):102\u2013109","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"4242_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verhagen E, Clarsen B, Van Der Graaff L, Bahr R (2024) Do not neglect injury severity and burden when assessing the effect of sports injury prevention interventions: time to paint the whole picture. Br J Sports Med bjsports-2024-108215","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2024-108215"},{"key":"4242_CR61","unstructured":"GAA. Concussion Management Guideliness for Gaelic Games 2018 [Internet] (2018) Available from: https:\/\/learning.gaa.ie\/sites\/default\/files\/Concussion%20Management%20Guidelines%20for%20Gaelic%20Games%20November%202018_0.pdf"},{"key":"4242_CR62","unstructured":"Report a Concern Concussion Management | Rugby Australia [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jun 10]. Available from: https:\/\/australia.rugby\/about\/codes-and-policies\/safety-and-welfare\/concussion-management"},{"key":"4242_CR63","unstructured":"worldrugby.org Concussion Guidance | World Rugby [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jun 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.world.rugby\/the-game\/player-welfare\/medical\/concussion\/concussion-guidelines"},{"key":"4242_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2021.10.008","volume":"52","author":"K Glendon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Glendon K, Blenkinsop G, Belli A, Pain M (2021) Prospective study with specific re-assessment time points to determine time to recovery following a sports-related concussion in university-aged student-athletes. Phys Ther Sport 52:287\u2013296","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"}],"container-title":["Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11845-025-04242-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11845-025-04242-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11845-025-04242-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T12:03:24Z","timestamp":1779278604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11845-025-04242-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11845-025-04242-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-1265","1863-4362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-1265","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-4362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"University of Limerick received UPMC Ireland PhD funding for a scholar (LP) to examine the qualitative elements of concussion management. IK and JM received UPMC Ireland funding reimbursement for attending a conference. AJZ and TC have no competing interests to declare. APK and MWC receive book royalties from APA Books and funding for their research through the University of Pittsburgh from the Chuck Noll Foundation for Brain Injury Research, Department of Defense (CDMRP, USAMRAA, USUHS), National Football League, National Institutes of Health (NICHD, NIMH, NINDS), and private donors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Competing interests"}}]}}