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The data collection and analysis processes were conducted by three independent researchers. Fourteen eligible studies were included. Study quality was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool. Data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) Version 2. Findings were synthesized through meta-analysis and narrative methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Given the results of the meta-analysis based on the findings reported by the studies, probiotics administered in conjunction with phototherapy had a significant effect on hyperbilirubinemia levels among newborns (SMD: -0.364, 95% CI: -0.700 to -0.028; Z = -2.121,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.034). Meta-analysis findings showed significant heterogeneity among studies (I\u00b2=88.7;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). This high level of heterogeneity substantially reduces confidence in the pooled estimate and suggests that the effect size may vary across different clinical settings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclus\u0131on<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This meta-analysis suggests probiotics may be a complementary treatment for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to the high heterogeneity and variability among included studies. Due to differences in probiotic strains, dosage, and methodology among the studies, the generalizability of the results is limited. This research was not funded by any institution or organization, and there are no conflicts of interest among the authors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-026-04434-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T06:23:35Z","timestamp":1778567015000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effectiveness of probiotic supplementation as an adjunct to phototherapy in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0820-6997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibel","family":"Y\u00fccet\u00fcrk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7917-0576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u015fe","family":"\u00c7uvadar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2440-968X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurten","family":"\u00d6z\u00e7alkap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"4434_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e749","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.21-11-e749","volume":"21","author":"NB Anderson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anderson NB, Calkins KL (2020) Neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia. 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This meta-analysis was conducted using data extracted from previously published studies.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"There is no conflict of interest among the authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This research did not involve the use of animals.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Animal Welfare"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study is a meta-analysis and does not involve a clinical trial.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial registration"}}]}}