{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:21:56Z","timestamp":1791872516853,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012921","name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ir J Med Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the frequency and causative pathogens of infectious keratitis (IK) at Cork University Hospital, Ireland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective review was performed of IK cases undergoing corneal scraping \/ swabs between 2010\u20132022. Specimens were identified from the laboratory information system. Microbiological profiles were analysed using culture and\/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for\n                      <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      , herpes simplex virus (HSV), and varicella zoster virus (VZV).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 319 specimens from 288 patients were analysed (mean age 52.0\u2009\u00b1\u200925.6\u00a0years). Overall, 189 specimens (60%) were culture positive. Polymicrobial growth was identified in 48 cases (15%). Of 198 isolates, the most frequently identified organisms were coagulase-negative staphylococci (33%),\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (17%),\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (12%),\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (8%), and Gram-negative bacilli (8%). Fungal pathogens accounted for 4% of isolates, while mixed skin flora was reported in 8%. Gram staining was performed on 105 samples, with 22 positive results\u201468% were concordant with culture. Viral PCR testing was performed on 48 samples, identifying HSV-1 in 5 cases (10%) and VZV in 2 cases (4%).\n                      <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      testing was performed on 387 specimens from 319 patients, with\n                      <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. detected in 33 cases (10%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This is the largest study describing the microbiological profile of IK in Ireland. A high culture-positive rate (60%) with a high rate of isolation of multiple organisms (15%) were observed, likely influenced by skin commensal contaminants such as coagulase-negative Staphylococci. The proportion of\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (12%) was lower than expected. No significant antimicrobial resistant isolates were identified, supporting current empiric antimicrobial treatment strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-026-04540-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T10:55:54Z","timestamp":1784026554000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["12-year analysis of the microbiological profile of infectious keratitis (IK) in Cork, Ireland"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3626-8677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kealan","family":"McElhinney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Glynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Lanigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eddie","family":"McCullagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Prentice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"4540_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.06.030","volume":"119","author":"CR Henry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Henry CR, Flynn HW, Miller D and others (2012) Infectious keratitis progressing to endophthalmitis. 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Identifier number CUH-AUD-2025\/117.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Patients or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of our research. This is a retrospective review of results obtained from microbiological specimens taken to determine diagnosis and treatment strategy in infectious keratitis. All specimens were anonymised and no patient could be identified.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers' bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}