{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:56:59Z","timestamp":1790639819555,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Weifang Young Medical Talents Support Project"},{"name":"Scientific Research Development Fund of Affiliated Hospitals (Teaching Hospitals) of Shandong Second Medical University","award":["2024FYM009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024FYM009"]}]},{"name":"Weifang Science and Technology Development Plan Project","award":["2024YX045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YX045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ir J Med Sci"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-026-04590-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T10:13:42Z","timestamp":1790590422000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Subclinical inflammation and early pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases: mechanistic insights relevant to primary care"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Wentong","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9093-3069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhua","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"4590_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.06.001","volume":"17","author":"D McGonagle","year":"2018","unstructured":"McGonagle D, Watad A, Savic S (2018) Mechanistic immunological based classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 17:1115\u20131123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.06.001","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"4590_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2022-222517","volume":"81","author":"M Doumen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Doumen M, Pazmino S, Bertrand D and others (2022) Longitudinal trajectories of fatigue in early RA: the role of inflammation, perceived disease impact and early treatment response. Ann Rheum Dis 81:1385\u20131391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2022-222517","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"keaf142","key":"4590_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf142.226","volume":"64","author":"Z Mobarak","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mobarak Z, Aleem MS, Tulloch J and others (2025) P189 Misdiagnosis and prevalence of rheumatological diseases in early inflammatory arthritis clinic: Results from a UK single-centre retrospective cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 64(keaf142):226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf142.226","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"4590_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4103\/ajr.ajr_17_24","volume":"3","author":"K Mechleb","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mechleb K, Hmamouchi I, Abdulateef N and others (2025) Exploring diagnostic timelines: A cross-sectional study of referral and diagnostic delays of patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Arab J Rheumatol 3:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ajr.ajr_17_24","journal-title":"Arab J Rheumatol"},{"key":"4590_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ladehesa-Pineda ML, Ruiz-Vilchez D, Barranco AM et al (2025) Association between diagnostic delay and short-term outcomes in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: results from the regisponser-AS registry. J Clin Med 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14061977","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14061977"},{"key":"4590_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S148","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001196","volume":"26","author":"JE Rosa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rosa JE, Garc\u00eda MV, Luissi A and others (2020) Rheumatoid arthritis patient\u2019s journey: delay in diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Rheumatol 26:S148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001196","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"4590_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-022-00797-1","volume":"18","author":"L Broderick","year":"2022","unstructured":"Broderick L, Hoffman HM (2022) IL-1 and autoinflammatory disease: biology, pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting. Nat Rev Rheumatol 18:448\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41584-022-00797-1","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"4590_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.70136","author":"E Hysa","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hysa E, Gotelli E, Pizzorni C and others (2026) A matter arising: when should inflammatory and autoimmune rheumatic diseases be considered \u2018early\u2019? Eur J Clin Invest. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eci.70136","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"4590_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00021.2024","volume":"40","author":"M Cifuentes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cifuentes M, Verdejo HE, Castro PF and others (2025) Low-grade chronic inflammation: a shared mechanism for chronic diseases. Physiol 40:4\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physiol.00021.2024","journal-title":"Physiol"},{"key":"4590_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.11.001","volume":"151","author":"A Long","year":"2023","unstructured":"Long A, Kleiner A, Looney RJ (2023) Immune dysregulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 151:70\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.11.001","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"4590_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.07.091","volume":"28","author":"MJ Lewis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lewis MJ, Barnes MR, Blighe K and others (2019) Molecular portraits of early rheumatoid arthritis identify clinical and treatment response phenotypes. Cell Rep 28:2455-2470.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.07.091","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"4590_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Murphy EP, Crean D (2022) NR4A1\u20133 nuclear receptor activity and immune cell dysregulation in rheumatic diseases. Front Med 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.874182","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.874182"},{"key":"4590_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214539","volume":"78","author":"F Humby","year":"2019","unstructured":"Humby F, Lewis M, Ramamoorthi N and others (2019) Synovial cellular and molecular signatures stratify clinical response to csDMARD therapy and predict radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ann Rheum Dis 78:761\u2013772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214539","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"4590_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224205","volume":"83","author":"M Dreher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dreher M, Witte T, Hoeper K and others (2024) Rheuma-VOR study: optimising healthcare of rheumatic diseases by multiprofessional coordinating centres. Ann Rheum Dis 83:184\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard-2023-224205","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"4590_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00858","author":"G Valacchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Valacchi G, Virgili F, Cervellati C, Pecorelli A (2018) Oxinflammation: from subclinical condition to pathological biomarker. Front Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2018.00858","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"4590_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-021-02115-w","volume":"99","author":"N Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu N, Chen X, Kimm MA and others (2021) In vivo optical molecular imaging of inflammation and immunity. J Mol Med 99:1385\u20131398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00109-021-02115-w","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"key":"4590_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vyver M van de (2023) Immunology of chronic low-grade inflammation: relationship with metabolic function. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/JOE-22-0271","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-22-0271"},{"key":"4590_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2015.68","volume":"25","author":"B Kelly","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kelly B, O\u2019Neill LA (2015) Metabolic reprogramming in macrophages and dendritic cells in innate immunity. Cell Res 25:771\u2013784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cr.2015.68","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"4590_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1159\/000334245","volume":"4","author":"G Nace","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nace G, Evankovich J, Eid R, Tsung A (2011) Dendritic cells and damage-associated molecular patterns: endogenous danger signals linking innate and adaptive immunity. J Innate Immun 4:6\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000334245","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"4590_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100725","volume":"83","author":"W-T Ma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sherkatolabbasieh H, Firouzi M, Shafizadeh S (2020) Evaluation of platelet count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels in paediatric patients with inflammatory and infectious disease. New Microbes New Infect 37:100725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100725","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"4590_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.07.003","volume":"37","author":"H Sherkatolabbasieh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma W-T, Chang C, Gershwin ME, Lian Z-X (2017) Development of autoantibodies precedes clinical manifestations of autoimmune diseases: a comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 83:95\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.07.003","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"4590_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102374","volume":"110","author":"M Aringer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aringer M (2020) Inflammatory markers in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 110:102374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102374","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"4590_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02367","author":"C Albert-Vega","year":"2018","unstructured":"Albert-Vega C, Tawfik DM, Trouillet-Assant S and others (2018) Immune functional assays, from custom to standardized tests for precision medicine. Front Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02367","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4590_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4933-3-12","volume":"3","author":"S Giunta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Giunta S (2006) Is inflammaging an auto[innate]immunity subclinical syndrome? Immun Ageing 3:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-4933-3-12","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"4590_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010641","author":"AM Soliman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soliman AM, Barreda DR, Soliman AM, Barreda DR (2022) Acute inflammation in tissue healing. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24010641","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4590_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi5200","volume":"374","author":"R Medzhitov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Medzhitov R (2021) The spectrum of inflammatory responses. Science 374:1070\u20131075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abi5200","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4590_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yasmeen F, Pirzada RH, Ahmad B, et al (2024) Understanding autoimmunity: mechanisms, predisposing factors, and cytokine therapies. Int J Mol Sci 25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25147666","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147666"},{"key":"4590_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103901","volume":"24","author":"A-S Parentelli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Parentelli A-S, Lopes A-A, Rieux-Laucat F, Hermine O (2025) Systemic auto-inflammatory diseases, auto-immune diseases and immune deficiencies: from independent to overlapped diseases approach. Autoimmun Rev 24:103901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103901","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"4590_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Porritt RA, Binek A, Paschold L, et al (2021) The autoimmune signature of hyperinflammatory multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. J Clin Invest 131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI151520","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI151520"},{"key":"4590_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00625-y","volume":"17","author":"D Mauro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mauro D, Thomas R, Guggino G and others (2021) Ankylosing spondylitis: an autoimmune or autoinflammatory disease? Nat Rev Rheumatol 17:387\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41584-021-00625-y","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"4590_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wylezinski LS, Gray JD, Polk JB, et al (2019) Illuminating an invisible epidemic: a systemic review of the clinical and economic benefits of early diagnosis and treatment in inflammatory disease and related syndromes. J Clin Med 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8040493","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8040493"},{"issue":"keaf142","key":"4590_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf142.273","volume":"64","author":"L Rouached","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rouached L, Dhifallah M, Mannai A and others (2025) E036 Challenges in managing rheumatological complaints in primary care. Rheumatology (Oxford) 64(keaf142):273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf142.273","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"4590_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chmielewski G, Majewski MS, Kuna J, et al (2023) fatigue in inflammatory joint diseases. Int J Mol Sci 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241512040","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512040"},{"key":"4590_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11772","volume":"7","author":"D Pearce-Fisher","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pearce-Fisher D, Smith MH, Mehta BY and others (2025) Patient-reported fatigue associated with joint histopathology in rheumatoid arthritis. ACR Open Rheumatol 7:e11772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr2.11772","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol"},{"key":"4590_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062673","volume":"12","author":"K Ahmaj\u00e4rvi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmaj\u00e4rvi K, Isoherranen K, Venermo M (2022) Cohort study of diagnostic delay in the clinical pathway of patients with chronic wounds in the primary care setting. BMJ Open 12:e062673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062673","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"4590_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-025-02911-0","volume":"26","author":"S Bayen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bayen S, Lagon X, Cauet C and others (2025) Time is health: management of Parkinson\u2019s disease in primary care: a retrospective quantitative study of diagnostic and therapeutic timelines. BMC Prim Care 26:217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-025-02911-0","journal-title":"BMC Prim Care"},{"key":"4590_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2024.103653","volume":"23","author":"P Ruscitti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruscitti P, Nunziato M, Caso F and others (2024) Prevention of rheumatoid arthritis using a familial predictive medicine approach. Autoimmun Rev 23:103653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2024.103653","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"4590_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18001","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.1","volume":"4","author":"JS Smolen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smolen JS, Aletaha D, Barton A and others (2018) Rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 4:18001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2018.1","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"4590_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.06.010","volume":"44","author":"MI Edilova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Edilova MI, Akram A, Abdul-Sater AA (2021) Innate immunity drives pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed J 44:172\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bj.2020.06.010","journal-title":"Biomed J"},{"key":"4590_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12912","volume":"297","author":"T-D Kanneganti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kanneganti T-D (2020) Intracellular innate immune receptors: life inside the cell. Immunol Rev 297:5\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imr.12912","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"4590_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li P, Chang M, Li P, Chang M (2021) Roles of PRR-mediated signaling pathways in the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases. Int J Mol Sci 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22147688","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147688"},{"key":"4590_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00687-0","volume":"6","author":"D Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li D, Wu M (2021) Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases. Sig Transduct Target Ther 6:291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-021-00687-0","journal-title":"Sig Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"4590_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.12.026","volume":"144","author":"G Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu G, Xu Y, Cen X and others (2018) Targeting pattern-recognition receptors to discover new small molecule immune modulators. Eur J Med Chem 144:82\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.12.026","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"4590_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006049","volume":"4","author":"K Newton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Newton K, Dixit VM (2012) Signaling in innate immunity and inflammation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 4:a006049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a006049","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"4590_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-025-01279-w","volume":"21","author":"M Cutolo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cutolo M, Soldano S, Smith V and others (2025) Dynamic macrophage phenotypes in autoimmune and inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 21:546\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41584-025-01279-w","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"4590_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koncz G, Jenei V, T\u00f3th M, et al (2023) Damage-mediated macrophage polarization in sterile inflammation. Front Immunol 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1169560","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1169560"},{"key":"4590_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202402946","volume":"14","author":"F Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang F, Jozani KA, Chakravarty A and others (2025) Immune-infiltrated cancer spheroid model with vascular recirculation reveals temporally dependent and tissue-specific macrophage recruitment. Adv Healthc Mater 14:2402946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adhm.202402946","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"4590_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2022.01.013","volume":"45","author":"S Latour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Latour S (2022) Inherited immunodeficiencies associated with proximal and distal defects in T cell receptor signaling and co-signaling. Biomed J 45:321\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bj.2022.01.013","journal-title":"Biomed J"},{"key":"4590_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boltjes A, Van Wijk F (2014) Human dendritic cell functional specialization in steady-state and inflammation. Front Immunol 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00131","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00131"},{"key":"4590_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx581","volume":"39","author":"RM Hoogeveen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoogeveen RM, Nahrendorf M, Riksen NP and others (2018) Monocyte and haematopoietic progenitor reprogramming as common mechanism underlying chronic inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. Eur Heart J 39:3521\u20133527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx581","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"4590_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2022.10.002","volume":"48","author":"J Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu J, N\u00fa\u00f1ez G (2023) The NLRP3 inflammasome: activation and regulation. Trends Biochem Sci 48:331\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tibs.2022.10.002","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"4590_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kelley N, Jeltema D, Duan Y, et al (2019) The NLRP3 inflammasome: an overview of mechanisms of activation and regulation. Int J Mol Sci 20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20133328","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133328"},{"key":"4590_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-12-820852","volume":"131","author":"ES Weiss","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weiss ES, Girard-Guyonvarc\u2019h C, Holzinger D and others (2018) Interleukin-18 diagnostically distinguishes and pathogenically promotes human and murine macrophage activation syndrome. Blood 131:1442\u20131455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2017-12-820852","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"4590_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0277-8","volume":"15","author":"CA Dinarello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dinarello CA (2019) The IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 15:612\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41584-019-0277-8","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"4590_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1404","volume":"11","author":"S Lara-Reyna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lara-Reyna S, Caseley EA, Topping J and others (2022) Inflammasome activation: from molecular mechanisms to autoinflammation. Clin Transl Immunol 11:e1404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cti2.1404","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunol"},{"key":"4590_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao J, Wei K, Jiang P, et al (2022) Inflammatory response to regulated cell death in gout and its functional implications. Front Immunol 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.888306","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.888306"},{"key":"4590_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.714","volume":"5","author":"R Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang R, Lan C, Benlagha K and others (2024) The interaction of innate immune and adaptive immune system. MedComm 5:e714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mco2.714","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"4590_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.2025-0390.O022","volume":"52","author":"C Ucciferri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ucciferri C, Nassar C, Johnson S and others (2025) Alterations in innate immune populations during systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease development. J Rheumatol 52:21\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.2025-0390.O022","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"4590_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kondo N, Kuroda T, Kobayashi D, et al (2021) Cytokine networks in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222010922","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222010922"},{"key":"4590_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2822","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf136","volume":"214","author":"B Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang B, Wang R, Tao S and others (2025) Stromal cell\u2013derived chemokines modulate immune cells in inflammation: new findings and future perspectives. J Immunol 214:2822\u20132835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf136","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"4590_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.03.011","volume":"46","author":"A Oyler-Yaniv","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oyler-Yaniv A, Oyler-Yaniv J, Whitlock BM and others (2017) A tunable diffusion-consumption mechanism of cytokine propagation enables plasticity in cell-to-cell communication in the immune system. Immunity 46:609\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.03.011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"4590_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020117-043952","volume":"14","author":"MK Crow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Crow MK, Olferiev M, Kirou KA (2019) Type I interferons in autoimmune disease. Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis 14:369\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020117-043952","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis"},{"key":"4590_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Crow MK, Ronnblom L (2019) Type I interferons in host defence and inflammatory diseases. Lupus Sci Med 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/lupus-2019-000336","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2019-000336"},{"key":"4590_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2017.05.003","volume":"54","author":"Y-B Ji","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ji Y-B, Bo C-L, Xue X-J and others (2017) Association of inflammatory cytokines with the symptom cluster of pain, fatigue, depression, and sleep disturbance in Chinese patients with cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 54:843\u2013852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2017.05.003","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"4590_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2025.102171","volume":"97","author":"A Gonz\u00e1lez-Vila","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Vila A, Ibrahim-Alasoufi AM, Luengo-Mateos M and others (2025) IL-6 decodes sex and diet-dependent circadian and metabolic rhythms. Mol Metab 97:102171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2025.102171","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"4590_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tylutka A, Walas \u0141, Zembron-Lacny A (2024) Level of IL-6, TNF, and IL-1\u03b2 and age-related diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1330386","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1330386"},{"key":"4590_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002770","volume":"50","author":"EI Fried","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fried EI, Stockert S, Haslbeck JMB and others (2020) Using network analysis to examine links between individual depressive symptoms, inflammatory markers, and covariates. Psychol Med 50:2682\u20132690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291719002770","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"4590_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153712","volume":"91","author":"KB Megha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Megha KB, Joseph X, Akhil V, Mohanan PV (2021) Cascade of immune mechanism and consequences of inflammatory disorders. Phytomedicine 91:153712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153712","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"4590_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqz142","volume":"153","author":"I Lapi\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lapi\u0107 I, Padoan A, Bozzato D, Plebani M (2020) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in acute inflammation: meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Am J Clin Pathol 153:14\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcp\/aqz142","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"4590_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0131-x","volume":"19","author":"G Altan-Bonnet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Altan-Bonnet G, Mukherjee R (2019) Cytokine-mediated communication: a quantitative appraisal of immune complexity. Nat Rev Immunol 19:205\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-019-0131-x","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"4590_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004433","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202004433","volume":"8","author":"C Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu C, Chu D, Kalantar-Zadeh K and others (2021) Cytokines: from clinical significance to quantification. Adv Sci 8:2004433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202004433","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"4590_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-01817-8","volume":"33","author":"F Dandash","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dandash F, Salhab Z, Issa R and others (2025) Targeting the double-edged sword: cytokines in the pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune diseases. Inflammopharmacology 33:3701\u20133723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10787-025-01817-8","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"4590_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marcuzzi A, Melloni E, Zauli G, et al (2021) Autoinflammatory diseases and cytokine storms\u2014imbalances of innate and adaptative immunity. Int J Mol Sci 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222011241","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011241"},{"key":"4590_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.018","volume":"167","author":"R ter Horst","year":"2016","unstructured":"ter Horst R, Jaeger M, Smeekens SP and others (2016) Host and environmental factors influencing individual human cytokine responses. Cell 167:1111-1124.e13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"4590_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3260","volume":"19","author":"G Schett","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schett G, Elewaut D, McInnes IB and others (2013) How cytokine networks fuel inflammation: toward a cytokine-based disease taxonomy. Nat Med 19:822\u2013824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.3260","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"4590_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.11.009","volume":"55","author":"S Alivernini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alivernini S, Firestein GS, McInnes IB (2022) The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunity 55:2255\u20132270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.11.009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"4590_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ortega-Mejia II, Romero-L\u00f3pez N, Casasola-Vargas JC, et al (2025) Treg cell plasticity as a driver of inflammation in spondyloarthritis and psoriasis. Front Immunol 16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1621396","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1621396"},{"key":"4590_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3332","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.104900","volume":"15","author":"X Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen X, Chen F, Jia S and others (2025) Antigen-presenting fibroblasts: emerging players in immune modulation and therapeutic targets. Theranostics 15:3332\u20133344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/thno.104900","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"4590_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gaudino SJ, Kumar P (2019) Cross-talk between antigen presenting cells and t cells impacts intestinal homeostasis, bacterial infections, and tumorigenesis. Front Immunol 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00360","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00360"},{"key":"4590_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-021-08890-1","volume":"63","author":"MV Sokolova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sokolova MV, Schett G, Steffen U (2022) Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: historical background and novel findings. Clin Rev Allerg Immunol 63:138\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12016-021-08890-1","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allerg Immunol"},{"key":"4590_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/rai2.12043","volume":"2","author":"VM Holers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Holers VM, Kuhn KA, Demoruelle MK and others (2022) Mechanism-driven strategies for prevention of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Autoimmun 2:109\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rai2.12043","journal-title":"Rheumatol Autoimmun"},{"key":"4590_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20211387","volume":"219","author":"A Puel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Puel A, Bastard P, Bustamante J, Casanova J-L (2022) Human autoantibodies underlying infectious diseases. J Exp Med 219:e20211387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20211387","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"4590_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ludwig RJ, Vanhoorelbeke K, Leypoldt F, et al (2017) Mechanisms of autoantibody-induced pathology. Front Immunol 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00603","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00603"},{"key":"4590_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01103-8","volume":"25","author":"H Tilg","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tilg H, Ianiro G, Gasbarrini A, Adolph TE (2025) Adipokines: masterminds of metabolic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 25:250\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-024-01103-8","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"4590_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.020","volume":"167","author":"M Schirmer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schirmer M, Smeekens SP, Vlamakis H and others (2016) Linking the human gut microbiome to inflammatory cytokine production capacity. Cell 167:1125-1136.e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"4590_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.12.023","volume":"80","author":"AF Marquand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marquand AF, Rezek I, Buitelaar J, Beckmann CF (2016) Understanding heterogeneity in clinical cohorts using normative models: beyond case-control studies. Biol Psychiatry 80:552\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.12.023","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4590_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202406-1241OC","author":"RBE van Amstel","year":"2025","unstructured":"van Amstel RBE, Bartek B, Vlaar APJ and others (2025) Temporal transitions of the hyperinflammatory and hypoinflammatory phenotypes in critical illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202406-1241OC","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"4590_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2024.104732","volume":"158","author":"D Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang D, Ma X, Schulz PE and others (2024) Clinical outcome-guided deep temporal clustering for disease progression subtyping. J Biomed Inform 158:104732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2024.104732","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"4590_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He Z, Glass MC, Venkatesan P, et al (2024) Systemic inflammation and lymphocyte activation precede rheumatoid arthritis. 2024.10.25.620344","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.25.620344"},{"key":"4590_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rom\u00e3o VC, Fonseca JE (2022) Disease mechanisms in preclinical rheumatoid arthritis: a narrative review. Front Med 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.689711","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.689711"},{"key":"4590_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102797","volume":"20","author":"N Petrovsk\u00e1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petrovsk\u00e1 N, Prajzlerov\u00e1 K, Vencovsk\u00fd J and others (2021) The pre-clinical phase of rheumatoid arthritis: from risk factors to prevention of arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 20:102797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102797","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"4590_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Panichi V, Costantini S, Grasso M et al (2024) Innate immunity and synovitis: key players in osteoarthritis progression. Int J Mol Sci 25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252212082","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212082"},{"key":"4590_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab428","volume":"61","author":"MD Russell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Russell MD, Coath F, Yates M and others (2022) Diagnostic delay is common for patients with axial spondyloarthritis: results from the National Early Inflammatory Arthritis Audit. Rheumatology (Oxford) 61:734\u2013742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab428","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"4590_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-025-00749-z","volume":"30","author":"Y Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu Y, Zhang W, Liao Y and others (2025) Immune cell aberrations in systemic lupus erythematosus: navigating the targeted therapies toward precision management. Cell Mol Biol Lett 30:73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11658-025-00749-z","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Lett"},{"key":"4590_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-025-01267-0","volume":"21","author":"E Pati\u00f1o-Martinez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pati\u00f1o-Martinez E, Kaplan MJ (2025) Immunometabolism in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Rev Rheumatol 21:377\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41584-025-01267-0","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"4590_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mihaescu G, Pircalabioru GG, Roznovan CN et al (2025) Interferons in autoimmunity: from loss of tolerance to chronic inflammation. Biomedicines 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines13102472","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13102472"},{"key":"4590_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.06.046","volume":"24","author":"PP Domeier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Domeier PP, Chodisetti SB, Schell SL and others (2018) B-cell-intrinsic type 1 interferon signaling is crucial for loss of tolerance and the development of autoreactive B cells. Cell Rep 24:406\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.06.046","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"4590_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gottschalk TA, Tsantikos E, Hibbs ML (2015) Pathogenic inflammation and its therapeutic targeting in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00550","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00550"},{"key":"4590_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00652-9","volume":"17","author":"Z Szekanecz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Szekanecz Z, McInnes IB, Schett G and others (2021) Autoinflammation and autoimmunity across rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 17:585\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41584-021-00652-9","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"4590_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2024.103581","volume":"23","author":"P Ruscitti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruscitti P, Allanore Y, Baldini C and others (2024) Tailoring the treatment of inflammatory rheumatic diseases by a better stratification and characterization of the clinical patient heterogeneity. Findings from a systematic literature review and experts\u2019 consensus. Autoimmun Rev 23:103581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2024.103581","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"4590_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S284405","volume":"14","author":"L Terslev","year":"2021","unstructured":"Terslev L, Ostergaard M (2021) Rheumatoid arthritis relapse and remission advancing our predictive capability using modern imaging. JIR 14:2547\u20132555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JIR.S284405","journal-title":"JIR"},{"key":"4590_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.04.011","volume":"84","author":"N Steinz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Steinz N, Maarseveen TD, van den Akker EB and others (2025) Time-independent disease state identification defines distinct trajectories determined by localised vs systemic inflammation in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 84:1301\u20131312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ard.2025.04.011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"4590_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224537","volume":"83","author":"H Tanaka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tanaka H, Okada Y, Nakayamada S and others (2024) Extracting immunological and clinical heterogeneity across autoimmune rheumatic diseases by cohort-wide immunophenotyping. Ann Rheum Dis 83:242\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard-2023-224537","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"4590_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-024-09513-5","volume":"72","author":"X Mao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mao X, Shi M, Zhang B and others (2024) Integration of single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing revealed immune heterogeneity and its association with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Immunol Res 72:1120\u20131135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12026-024-09513-5","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"4590_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2022.105364","volume":"89","author":"M Badii","year":"2022","unstructured":"Badii M, Gaal O, Popp RA and others (2022) Trained immunity and inflammation in rheumatic diseases. Joint Bone Spine 89:105364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbspin.2022.105364","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"4590_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Medjedovic R, Bogojevic M, Markovic M, et al (2025) Prediction of systemic lupus erythematosus exacerbation in patients with clinical and subclinical musculoskeletal inflammation. J Clin Med 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14197063","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14197063"},{"key":"4590_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.107134","volume":"300","author":"F Carbone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carbone F, Russo C, Colamatteo A and others (2024) Cellular and molecular signaling towards T cell immunological self-tolerance. J Biol Chem 300:107134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.107134","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4590_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jarczak D, Nierhaus A, Jarczak D, Nierhaus A (2022) Cytokine storm\u2014definition, causes, and implications. Int J Mol Sci 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms231911740","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911740"},{"key":"4590_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.01.015","volume":"74","author":"O Van den Bergh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van den Bergh O, Witth\u00f6ft M, Petersen S, Brown RJ (2017) Symptoms and the body: taking the inferential leap. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 74:185\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.01.015","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"4590_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000666","volume":"55","author":"A Hagiwara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hagiwara A, Fujita S, Ohno Y, Aoki S (2020) Variability and standardization of quantitative imaging: monoparametric to multiparametric quantification, radiomics, and artificial intelligence. Invest Radiol 55:601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000666","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"4590_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200021","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.202200021","volume":"65","author":"Y Hai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hai Y, Shi S, Qin G, Neuroimaging for the AD (2023) Bayesian and influence function-based empirical likelihoods for inference of sensitivity to the early diseased stage in diagnostic tests. Biometr J 65:2200021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bimj.202200021","journal-title":"Biometr J"},{"key":"4590_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02689-y","volume":"19","author":"Q Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng Q, Chen X, Wu H, Du Y (2021) Three hematologic\/immune system-specific expressed genes are considered as the potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of early rheumatoid arthritis through bioinformatics analysis. J Transl Med 19:18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-020-02689-y","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"4590_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2020.10.006","volume":"105","author":"JJ Cush","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cush JJ (2021) Rheumatoid arthritis: early diagnosis and treatment. Med Clin North Am 105:355\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2020.10.006","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"4590_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-2102-9","volume":"22","author":"RM ten Brinck","year":"2020","unstructured":"ten Brinck RM, Boeters DM, van Steenbergen HW, van der Helm-van Mil AHM (2020) Improvement of symptoms in clinically suspect arthralgia and resolution of subclinical joint inflammation: a longitudinal study in patients that did not progress to clinical arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 22:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-020-2102-9","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"4590_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28995-6","volume":"8","author":"C Gonz\u00e1lez-Blanch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Blanch C, Hern\u00e1ndez-de-Hita F, Mu\u00f1oz-Navarro R and others (2018) The association between different domains of quality of life and symptoms in primary care patients with emotional disorders. Sci Rep 8:11180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-28995-6","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4590_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000749","volume":"38","author":"E Friedman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Friedman E, Shorey C (2019) Inflammation in multimorbidity and disability: an integrative review. Health Psychol 38:791\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/hea0000749","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"4590_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2024.100874","volume":"42","author":"SA Norton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Norton SA, Blaydon LM, Niehaus M and others (2024) Inflammation is associated with pain and fatigue in older adults. Brain Behav Immun Health 42:100874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2024.100874","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"4590_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa807","volume":"60","author":"SS Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao SS, Pittam B, Harrison NL and others (2021) Diagnostic delay in axial spondyloarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 60:1620\u20131628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa807","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"4590_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay9040","volume":"375","author":"D Crosby","year":"2022","unstructured":"Crosby D, Bhatia S, Brindle KM and others (2022) Early detection of cancer. Science 375:eaay9040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aay9040","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4590_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad058","volume":"30","author":"G Tini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tini G, Graziosi M, Musumeci B and others (2023) Diagnostic delay in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Prev Cardiol 30:1315\u20131322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad058","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"4590_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17370","volume":"57","author":"N Jayasooriya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jayasooriya N, Baillie S, Blackwell J and others (2023) Systematic review with meta-analysis: time to diagnosis and the impact of delayed diagnosis on clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 57:635\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.17370","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4590_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13163","volume":"31","author":"OM Delmonte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Delmonte OM (2020) Immunodeficiency and disorders of immune dysregulation. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 31:8\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pai.13163","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"4590_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-018-0158-5","volume":"5","author":"MdS Hussain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hussain MdS, Tripathi V (2018) Smoking under hypoxic conditions: a potent environmental risk factor for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Mil Med Res 5:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40779-018-0158-5","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"4590_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0937","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.212.supp.0937.5026","volume":"212","author":"P Premsrirut","year":"2024","unstructured":"Premsrirut P, Garcia Reino E, Gao N and others (2024) Generation of type I interferon autoantibody tests for at-risk populations. J Immunol 212:0937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.212.supp.0937.5026","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"4590_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Antiochos B, Casciola-Rosen L (2023) Interferon and autoantigens: intersection in autoimmunity. Front Med 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1165225","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1165225"},{"key":"4590_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2023.110960","volume":"149","author":"M Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao M, Wang Y, Meng X, Liao H (2023) A three-way decision method based on cumulative prospect theory for the hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system of chronic diseases. Appl Soft Comput 149:110960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asoc.2023.110960","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"4590_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/10696679.2023.2291709","volume":"33","author":"T Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang T, Song C, Hu MY (2025) The role of risk preference in referral reward programs. J Mark Theory Pract 33:120\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10696679.2023.2291709","journal-title":"J Mark Theory Pract"},{"issue":"10","key":"4590_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224514","volume":"83","author":"E Dures","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dures E, Fariso\u011fullar\u0131 B, Santos E and others (2024) 2023 EULAR recommendations for the management of fatigue in people with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 83(10):1260\u20131267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard-2023-224514","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"4590_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2025-006368","author":"S Qureshi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Qureshi S, Adas M, Cope PJ and others (2026) Autoantibodies as predictors of progression to rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. RMD Open. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2025-006368","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"4590_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miteva D, Bakopoulou K, Padjen I, et al (2025) Integrating primary care and specialized therapies in rheumatoid arthritis: optimizing recognition, management, and referral practices. Rheumato 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rheumato5010003","DOI":"10.3390\/rheumato5010003"}],"container-title":["Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11845-026-04590-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11845-026-04590-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11845-026-04590-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:02:53Z","timestamp":1790636573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11845-026-04590-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":130,"alternative-id":["4590"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11845-026-04590-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-1265","1863-4362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-1265","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-4362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Institutional ethical review board approval was not required for this review.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}