{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:49:55Z","timestamp":1792014595585,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ir J Med Sci"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-026-04673-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:09:23Z","timestamp":1792012163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bladder dysfunction in parkinson\u2019s disease: An updated review and guide for the urologist"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7098-6413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Peter","family":"McNicholas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2570-0478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaraspong","family":"Vuthiwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1666-0148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Gani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"4673_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2011.241075","volume":"82","author":"T Uchiyama","year":"2011","unstructured":"Uchiyama T, Sakakibara R, Yamamoto T et al (2011) Urinary dysfunction in early and untreated Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 82(12):1382\u20131386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2011.241075","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"4673_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24052","volume":"38","author":"CP Vaughan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vaughan CP, Burgio KL, Goode PS et al (2019) Behavioral therapy for urinary symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a randomized clinical trial. Neurourol Urodyn 38(6):1737\u20131744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.24052","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"2","key":"4673_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27602","volume":"34","author":"K Seppi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seppi K, Ray Chaudhuri K, Coelho M et al (2019) Update on treatments for nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease-an evidence-based medicine review. Mov Disord 34(2):180\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27602","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"4673_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-23-378","volume":"13","author":"C Jia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jia C, Cui X, Ou T (2024) Efficacy of medication for overactive bladder symptoms in 70 patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Transl Androl Urol 13(1):64\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/tau-23-378","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4673_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-019-02981-7","volume":"38","author":"T Yonguc","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yonguc T, Sefik E, Inci I et al (2020) Randomized, controlled trial of fesoterodine fumarate for overactive bladder in Parkinson\u2019s disease. World J Urol 38(8):2013\u20132019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-019-02981-7","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4673_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.02.025","volume":"21","author":"TA Zesiewicz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zesiewicz TA, Evatt M, Vaughan CP et al (2015) Randomized, controlled pilot trial of solifenacin succinate for overactive bladder in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 21(5):514\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.02.025","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"4673_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/agm2.12250","volume":"6","author":"HL Wong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wong HL, Weaver C, Marsh L et al (2023) Polypharmacy and cumulative anticholinergic burden in older adults hospitalized with fall. Aging Med (Milton) 6(2):116\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/agm2.12250","journal-title":"Aging Med (Milton)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4673_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4274\/ejgg.galenos.2024.2024-10-2","volume":"7","author":"DM S\u00fcrmeli","year":"2025","unstructured":"S\u00fcrmeli DM, Bah\u015fi R, Co\u015farderelio\u011flu \u00c7 et al (2025) The impact of anticholinergic burden on geriatric syndromes: screening in community-dwelling older adults. Eur J Geriatr Gerontol 7(1):21\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/ejgg.galenos.2024.2024-10-2","journal-title":"Eur J Geriatr Gerontol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4673_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-011-0198-9","volume":"12","author":"D Pagoria","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pagoria D, O\u2019Connor RC, Guralnick ML (2011) Antimuscarinic drugs: review of the cognitive impact when used to treat overactive bladder in elderly patients. Curr Urol Rep 12(5):351\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11934-011-0198-9","journal-title":"Curr Urol Rep"},{"key":"4673_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1315","volume":"361","author":"K Richardson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Richardson K, Fox C, Maidment I et al (2018) Anticholinergic drugs and risk of dementia: case-control study. BMJ 361:k1315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k1315. (Erratum in: BMJ. 2019 Oct 31;367:l6213. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.l6213)","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"4673_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00070-8","volume":"14","author":"JN Panicker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Panicker JN, Fowler CJ, Kessler TM (2015) Lower urinary tract dysfunction in the neurological patient: clinical assessment and management. Lancet Neurol 14(7):720\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00070-8","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4673_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12374","volume":"3","author":"A Batla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Batla A, Ph\u00e9 V, De Min L, Panicker JN (2016) Nocturia in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Why Does It Occur and How to Manage? Mov Disord Clin Pract 3(5):443\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.12374","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"10","key":"4673_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-015-1919-7","volume":"71","author":"U Lertxundi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lertxundi U, Isla A, Solinis MA et al (2015) Anticholinergic burden in Parkinson\u2019s disease inpatients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 71(10):1271\u20131277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-015-1919-7","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4673_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-013-1499-3","volume":"69","author":"CE Dur\u00e1n","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1n CE, Azermai M, Vander Stichele RH (2013) Systematic review of anticholinergic risk scales in older adults. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 69(7):1485\u20131496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-013-1499-3","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"4673_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.07.005","volume":"57","author":"B Peyronnet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peyronnet B, Vurture G, Palma JA et al (2018) Mirabegron in patients with Parkinson disease and overactive bladder symptoms: a retrospective cohort. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 57:22\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.07.005","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"4673_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286419843458","volume":"12","author":"M Gubbiotti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gubbiotti M, Conte A, Di Stasi SM et al (2019) Feasibility of mirabegron in the treatment of overactive bladder in patients affected by Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot study. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 12:1756286419843458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756286419843458","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"4673_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24552","volume":"40","author":"SY Cho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cho SY, Jeong SJ, Lee S et al (2021) Mirabegron for treatment of overactive bladder symptoms in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial (Parkinson\u2019s Disease Overactive bladder Mirabegron, PaDoMi Study). Neurourol Urodyn 40(1):286\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.24552","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"1","key":"4673_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/21681805.2021.1990994","volume":"56","author":"M Moussa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moussa M, Chakra MA, Dabboucy B et al (2022) The safety and effectiveness of mirabegron in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with overactive bladder: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Urol 56(1):66\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21681805.2021.1990994","journal-title":"Scand J Urol"},{"key":"4673_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.01.125","volume":"187","author":"D Ginsberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ginsberg D, Gousse A, Keppenne V et al (2012) Phase 3 efficacy and tolerability study of onabotulinumtoxinA for urinary incontinence from neurogenic detrusor overactivity. J Urol 187:2131\u20132139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2012.01.125","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"4673_CR20","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2017) BOTOX (onabotulinumtoxinA) for injection, for intramuscular, intradetrusor, or intradermal use: prescribing information. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2017\/103000s5302lbl.pdf. Accessed 14 Oct 2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"4673_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.109975","volume":"29","author":"B Orasanu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Orasanu B, Mahajan ST (2013) The use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome. Indian J Urol 29(1):2\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0970-1591.109975","journal-title":"Indian J Urol"},{"key":"4673_CR22","unstructured":"EAU Guidelines On Non neurogenic Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) \u2014 limited update March 2025. European Association of Urology. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/d56bochluxqnz.cloudfront.net\/documents\/full-guideline\/EAU Guidelines-on-Non-neurogenic Female LUTS 2025.pdf [Accessed 14 October 2025]."},{"key":"4673_CR23","unstructured":"EAU Guidelines on Neuro Urology \u2014 limited update April 2024. European Association of Urology; 2025. Available from: https:\/\/d56bochluxqnz.cloudfront.net\/documents\/full-guideline\/EAU Guidelines-on Neuro Urology 2025.pdf [Accessed 14 October 2025]."},{"key":"4673_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.1732646.323","volume":"21","author":"H Yuan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yuan H and others (2017) Efficacy and adverse events associated with use of onabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity: a meta-analysis. Int Neurourol J 21:53","journal-title":"Int Neurourol J"},{"key":"4673_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159307","volume":"11","author":"T Cheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cheng T and others (2016) Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE 11:e0159307","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4673_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1602246","volume":"37","author":"A Wagle Shukla","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wagle Shukla A and others (2017) Botulinum toxin therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Semin Neurol 37:193","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"4673_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2019.1655448","volume":"41","author":"SJ Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu SJ and others (2019) Clinical outcomes of botulinum toxin A management for neurogenic detrusor overactivity: meta-analysis. Ren Fail 41:937","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"4673_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14010035","author":"SF Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen SF and others (2022) Satisfaction with detrusor onabotulinumtoxinA injections and conversion to other bladder management in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Toxins (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins14010035","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"4673_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.09.034","volume":"53","author":"G Del Popolo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Del Popolo G and others (2008) Neurogenic detrusor overactivity treated with English botulinum toxin a: 8-year experience of one single centre. Eur Urol 53:1013","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"4673_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-018-0844-6","volume":"19","author":"R Leu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leu R and others (2018) Complications of Botox and their management. Curr Urol Rep 19:90","journal-title":"Curr Urol Rep"},{"key":"4673_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005991","volume":"91","author":"M Tullman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tullman M, Chartier-Kastler E, Kohan A, Keppenne V, Brucker BM, Egerdie B, Mandle M, Nicandro JP, Jenkins B, Denys P (2018) Low-dose onabotulinumtoxinA improves urinary symptoms in noncatheterizing patients with MS. Neurology 91:e657","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4673_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-016-0174-2","volume":"16","author":"SC Kn\u00fcpfer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kn\u00fcpfer SC, Schneider SA, Averhoff MM et al (2016) Preserved micturition after intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA injection for treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. BMC Urol 16(1):55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12894-016-0174-2","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4673_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105989","volume":"9","author":"YH Jiang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jiang YH, Liao CH, Tang DL, Kuo HC (2014) Efficacy and safety of intravesical onabotulinumtoxinA injection on elderly patients with chronic central nervous system lesions and overactive bladder. PLoS ONE 9(8):e105989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0105989","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"4673_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.09.017","volume":"83","author":"RU Anderson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anderson RU, Orenberg EK, Glowe P (2014) OnabotulinumtoxinA office treatment for neurogenic bladder incontinence in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Urology 83(1):22\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2013.09.017","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"8","key":"4673_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23717","volume":"37","author":"G Vurture","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vurture G, Peyronnet B, Feigin A et al (2018) Outcomes of intradetrusor onabotulinum toxin A injection in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurourol Urodyn 37(8):2669\u20132677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.23717","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"7","key":"4673_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.purol.2021.01.004","volume":"31","author":"A Atamian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Atamian A, Sichez PC, Michel F et al (2021) Injections intrad\u00e9trusorienne de toxine botulique A (onabotuliniumtoxin A) pour traiter l\u2019incontinence urinaire par urgenturie au cours de la maladie de parkinson idiopathique [Intradetrusor injections of botulinum toxin A to treat urinary incontinence due to bladder overactivity during idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease]. Prog Urol 31(7):430\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.purol.2021.01.004","journal-title":"Prog Urol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4673_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.06.006","volume":"16","author":"H Kulaksizoglu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kulaksizoglu H, Parman Y (2010) Use of botulinim toxin-A for the treatment of overactive bladder symptoms in patients with Parkinsons\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 16(8):531\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.06.006","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"4673_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2017.04.012","volume":"44","author":"A Kaviani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaviani A, Khavari R (2017) Disease-specific outcomes of botulinum toxin injections for neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Urol Clin North Am 44(3):463\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ucl.2017.04.012","journal-title":"Urol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"4673_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22764","volume":"35","author":"R Sakakibara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sakakibara R, Panicker J, Finazzi-Agro E et al (2016) A guideline for the management of bladder dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease and other gait disorders. Neurourol Urodyn 35(5):551\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.22764","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"4673_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e843","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JU.0000555096.84390.67","volume":"201","author":"R Arianayagam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arianayagam R, Chan L, Gani J, O\u2019Connell HE (2019) The efficacy of onabotulinumtoxin A in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and neurogenic detrusor overactivity. J Urol 201(Suppl 4):e843\u2013e843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.JU.0000555096.84390.67","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4673_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.12.01","volume":"5","author":"MT Sanford","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sanford MT, Suskind AM (2016) Neuromodulation in neurogenic bladder. Transl Androl Urol 5(1):117\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3978\/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.12.01","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4673_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.11.073","volume":"81","author":"KM Peters","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peters KM, Kandagatla P, Killinger KA et al (2013) Clinical outcomes of sacral neuromodulation in patients with neurologic conditions. Urology 81(4):738\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2012.11.073","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"4","key":"4673_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24900","volume":"41","author":"S Martin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Martin S, Zillioux J, Goldman HB (2022) Is sacral neuromodulation effective in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease? A retrospective review. Neurourol Urodyn 41(4):955\u2013961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.24900","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"4673_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2020.06.063","volume":"144","author":"DR Greenberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greenberg DR, Sohlberg EM, Zhang CA et al (2020) Sacral nerve stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with overactive bladder symptoms. Urology 144:99\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2020.06.063","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"9029","key":"4673_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(96)04437-6","volume":"348","author":"JL Ruud Bosch","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ruud Bosch JL, Groen J (1996) Treatment of refractory urge urinary incontinence with sacral spinal nerve stimulation in multiple sclerosis patients. Lancet 348(9029):717\u2013719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(96)04437-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"4673_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20593","volume":"28","author":"SC Kabay","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kabay SC, Kabay S, Yucel M, Ozden H (2009) Acute urodynamic effects of percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation on neurogenic detrusor overactivity in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurourol Urodyn 28(1):62\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.20593","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"4673_CR47","first-page":"3","volume":"4","author":"GG Krivoborodov","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krivoborodov GG, Gekht AB, Korshunova ES (2006) Tibial neuromodulation in the treatment of neurogenic detrusor hyperactivity in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Urologiia 4:3\u20136","journal-title":"Urologiia"},{"issue":"11","key":"4673_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.purol.2013.07.004","volume":"23","author":"A Ohannessian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ohannessian A, Kabor\u00e9 FA, Agostini A et al (2013) Stimulation transcutan\u00e9e chronique du nerf tibial dans l\u2019hyperactivit\u00e9 v\u00e9sicale des syndromes parkinsoniens [Transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in the overactive bladder syndrome in patients with Parkinson\u2019s syndromes]. Prog Urol 23(11):936\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.purol.2013.07.004","journal-title":"Prog Urol"},{"key":"4673_CR49","unstructured":"Sakakibara R, et al. (2000). Lower urinary tract dysfunction in multiple system atrophy: a comparative study with Parkinson's disease. Neurourol Urodyn."},{"key":"4673_CR50","unstructured":"Schurch B, et al. (1999). Characteristics of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"4","key":"4673_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.131045","volume":"79","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jankovic J (2008) Parkinson\u2019s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79(4):368\u2013376","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"4673_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1311488","volume":"372","author":"A Fanciulli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fanciulli A, Wenning GK (2015) Multiple-system atrophy. N Engl J Med 372(3):249\u2013263","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"4673_CR53","first-page":"1345","volume":"32","author":"H Kaufmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaufmann H, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Palma JA (2017) Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies. Mov Disord 32(9):1345\u20131356","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"4673_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20867","volume":"21","author":"K Winge","year":"2006","unstructured":"Winge K, Fowler CJ (2006) Bladder dysfunction in Parkinsonism: mechanisms, prevalence, symptoms, and management. Mov Disord 21(6):737\u2013745","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"4673_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2401","volume":"9","author":"CJ Fowler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fowler CJ, Griffiths D, de Groat WC (2008) The neural control of micturition. Nat Rev Neurosci 9(6):453\u2013466","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"4673_CR56","first-page":"23","volume":"21","author":"GW Vurture","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vurture GW, Chiu SY, Goldman JG (2020) Lower urinary tract symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy: Differences and clinical implications. Curr Urol Rep 21(5):23","journal-title":"Curr Urol Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"4673_CR57","first-page":"722","volume":"24","author":"O Yokoyama","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yokoyama O, Komatsu K, Kodama K et al (2005) Urodynamic follow-up of urinary dysfunction in multiple system atrophy. Neurourol Urodyn 24(8):722\u2013728","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"2","key":"4673_CR58","first-page":"280","volume":"48","author":"T Yamamoto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yamamoto T, Sakakibara R, Uchiyama T and others (2005) Differences in urinary dysfunction between multiple system atrophy and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Eur Urol 48(2):280\u2013286","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4673_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e946","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008053","volume":"93","author":"JH Shin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shin JH, Park KW, Heo KO et al (2019) Urodynamic study for distinguishing multiple system atrophy from Parkinson disease. Neurology 93(10):e946\u2013e953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008053","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4673_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.10.002","volume":"46","author":"R Sakakibara","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sakakibara R, Tateno F, Kishi M et al (2012) Pathophysiology of bladder dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Dis 46(3):565\u2013571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.10.002","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"4673_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.4.429","volume":"68","author":"I Araki","year":"2000","unstructured":"Araki I, Kuno S (2000) Assessment of voiding dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease by the international prostate symptom score. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68(4):429\u2013433","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"4673_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2014(12)05","volume":"69","author":"CM Gomes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gomes CM, Sammour ZM, Bessa Junior Jd et al (2014) Neurological status predicts response to alpha-blockers in men with voiding dysfunction and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 69(12):817\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6061\/clinics\/2014(12)05","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"4673_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(01)00295-8","volume":"92","author":"R Sakakibara","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sakakibara R, Shinotoh H, Uchiyama T et al (2001) Questionnaire-based assessment of pelvic organ dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Auton Neurosci 92(1\u20132):76\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1566-0702(01)00295-8","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4673_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)41501-1","volume":"140","author":"DS Staskin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Staskin DS, Vardi Y, Siroky MB (1988) Post-prostatectomy continence in the parkinsonian patient: the significance of poor voluntary sphincter control. J Urol 140(1):117\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)41501-1","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4673_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1997.00249.x","volume":"80","author":"VA Chandiramani","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chandiramani VA, Palace J, Fowler CJ (1997) How to recognize patients with parkinsonism who should not have urological surgery. Br J Urol 80(1):100\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1997.00249.x","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4673_CR66","first-page":"277","volume":"16","author":"CJ Fowler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fowler CJ (2001) Urinary disorders in Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy. Funct Neurol 16(3):277\u201382","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4673_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.01.049","volume":"181","author":"B Roth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roth B, Studer UE, Fowler CJ, Kessler TM (2009) Benign prostatic obstruction and Parkinson\u2019s disease--should transurethral resection of the prostate be avoided? J Urol 181(5):2209\u20132213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2009.01.049","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"6977","key":"4673_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6977.447","volume":"310","author":"N Quinn","year":"1995","unstructured":"Quinn N (1995) Parkinsonism\u2013recognition and differential diagnosis. BMJ 310(6977):447\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.310.6977.447","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"4673_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-017-0480-0","volume":"28","author":"R Sakakibara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sakakibara R, Tateno F, Yamamoto T et al (2018) Urological dysfunction in synucleinopathies: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. Clin Auton Res 28(1):83\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-017-0480-0","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4673_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2016.254","volume":"14","author":"T Ogawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ogawa T, Sakakibara R, Kuno S et al (2017) Prevalence and treatment of LUTS in patients with Parkinson disease or multiple system atrophy. Nat Rev Urol 14(2):79\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrurol.2016.254","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4673_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1041372","volume":"8","author":"JR Sotolongo Jr.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sotolongo JR Jr. (1988) Voiding dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Semin Neurol 8(2):166\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2008-1041372","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4673_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-011-9969-y","volume":"44","author":"L Yeo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yeo L, Singh R, Gundeti M et al (2012) Urinary tract dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a review. Int Urol Nephrol 44(2):415\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11255-011-9969-y","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4673_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-016-0427-0","volume":"18","author":"A Batla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Batla A, Tayim N, Pakzad M, Panicker JN (2016) Treatment options for urogenital dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Curr Treat Options Neurol 18(10):45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11940-016-0427-0","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4673_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13792","volume":"25","author":"R Sakakibara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sakakibara R, Lee FC, Suzuki H et al (2018) Parkinson\u2019s disease and prostate enlargement: both contribute to overactive bladder in the elderly. Int J Urol 25(11):982\u2013983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iju.13792","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4673_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22237","volume":"31","author":"K Winge","year":"2012","unstructured":"Winge K, Nielsen KK (2012) Bladder dysfunction in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurourol Urodyn 31(8):1279\u20131283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.22237","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"11","key":"4673_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22643","volume":"24","author":"P Barone","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barone P, Antonini A, Colosimo C et al (2009) The PRIAMO study: a multicenter assessment of nonmotor symptoms and their impact on quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 24(11):1641\u20131649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22643","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"4673_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23462","volume":"26","author":"P Martinez-Martin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martinez-Martin P, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Kurtis MM et al (2011) The impact of non-motor symptoms on health-related quality of life of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 26(3):399\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23462","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"4673_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.03.080","volume":"57","author":"KA Tikkinen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tikkinen KA, Johnson TM 2nd, Tammela TL et al (2010) Nocturia frequency, bother, and quality of life: how often is too often? A population-based study in Finland. Eur Urol 57(3):488\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.03.080","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4673_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22365","volume":"32","author":"CP Vaughan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vaughan CP, Juncos JL, Trotti LM et al (2013) Nocturia and overnight polysomnography in Parkinson disease. Neurourol Urodyn 32(8):1080\u20131085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.22365","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"4","key":"4673_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080214","volume":"89","author":"LA King","year":"2009","unstructured":"King LA, Horak FB (2009) Delaying mobility disability in people with Parkinson disease using a sensorimotor agility exercise program. Phys Ther 89(4):384\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20080214","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"4673_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0855-3","volume":"252","author":"Y Balash","year":"2005","unstructured":"Balash Y, Peretz C, Leibovich G et al (2005) Falls in outpatients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: frequency, impact and identifying factors. J Neurol 252(11):1310\u20131315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-005-0855-3","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"4673_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.11.055","volume":"360","author":"K Sakushima","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sakushima K, Yamazaki S, Fukuma S et al (2016) Influence of urinary urgency and other urinary disturbances on falls in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Sci 360:153\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2015.11.055","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4673_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2019.02.004","volume":"46","author":"GM Irwin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Irwin GM (2019) Urinary incontinence. Prim Care 46(2):233\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pop.2019.02.004","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"4673_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-025-04435-z","volume":"57","author":"M Gubbiotti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gubbiotti M, Ditonno F, Brahimi E et al (2025) Clinical features in Parkinson\u2019s disease: characterization of urinary symptoms according to Parkinson disease subtype. Int Urol Nephrol 57(8):2495\u20132501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11255-025-04435-z","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4673_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-018-1151-z","volume":"18","author":"F Valentino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Valentino F, Bartolotta TV, Cosentino G et al (2018) Urological dysfunctions in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: clues from clinical and non-invasive urological assessment. BMC Neurol 18(1):148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-018-1151-z","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"4673_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1159\/000353274","volume":"41","author":"A Ruffion","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ruffion A, Castro-Diaz D, Patel H et al (2013) Systematic review of the epidemiology of urinary incontinence and detrusor overactivity among patients with neurogenic overactive bladder. Neuroepidemiology 41(3\u20134):146\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000353274","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4673_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2019.09.002","volume":"36","author":"JA Palma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Palma JA, Kaufmann H (2020) Orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson disease. Clin Geriatr Med 36(1):53\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cger.2019.09.002","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4673_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-199812010-00007","volume":"12","author":"KJ McClellan","year":"1998","unstructured":"McClellan KJ, Wiseman LR, Wilde MI (1998) Midodrine. A review of its therapeutic use in the management of orthostatic hypotension. Drugs Aging 12(1):76\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00002512-199812010-00007","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"issue":"7","key":"4673_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709113370701","volume":"337","author":"PA Low","year":"1997","unstructured":"Low PA, Gilden JL, Freeman R et al (1997) Efficacy of midodrine vs placebo in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. N Engl J Med 337(7):453\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199709113370701","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4673_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-011-0119-5","volume":"21","author":"R Freeman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB and others (2011) Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res 21(2):69\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-011-0119-5","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"4673_CR91","first-page":"775","volume":"18","author":"R Freeman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Freeman R, Kaufmann H and others (2011) Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension: American Academy of Neurology and European Federation of Neurological Societies Guidelines. Eur J Neurol 18(5):775\u2013782","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4673_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02849965","volume":"24","author":"S Vaidyanathan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vaidyanathan S, Soni BM, Hughes PL (2007) Midodrine: insidious development of urologic adverse effects in patients with spinal cord injury: a report of 2 cases. Adv Ther 24(4):712\u2013720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02849965","journal-title":"Adv Ther"}],"container-title":["Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11845-026-04673-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11845-026-04673-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11845-026-04673-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:13:27Z","timestamp":1792012407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11845-026-04673-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["4673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11845-026-04673-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-1265","1863-4362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-1265","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-4362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 August 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was not required for production of this review article.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"DP McNicholas received a funding grant from The Urology Foundation to support his fellowship position. He has no other declarations to make. The other authors declare they have no financial interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}