{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T22:26:55Z","timestamp":1793485615823,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,25]],"date-time":"2009-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1240617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann. of Dyslexia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-009-0022-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,24]],"date-time":"2009-04-24T10:11:34Z","timestamp":1240567894000},"page":"34-54","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":228,"title":["Effects of fluency, oral language, and executive function on reading comprehension performance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Laurie E.","family":"Cutting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"April","family":"Materek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn A. S.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry M.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Mark","family":"Mahone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"22_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949903200203","volume":"32","author":"P. G. Aaron","year":"1999","unstructured":"Aaron, P. G., Joshi, R. M., & Williams, K. A. (1999). Not all reading disabilities are alike. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 32, 120\u2013137. doi: 10.1177\/002221949903200203 .","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"22_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.010","volume":"44","author":"M. R. Asato","year":"2006","unstructured":"Asato, M. R., Sweeney, J. A., & Luna, B. (2006). Cognitive processes in the development of TOL performance. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2259\u20132269. doi: 10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.010 .","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"22_CR3","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Behavioral and emotional disorders in adolescents: Nature, assessment, and treatment","author":"R. Barkley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barkley, R. (2006). Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. In D. A. Wolfe, & E. J. Mash (Eds.), Behavioral and emotional disorders in adolescents: Nature, assessment, and treatment (pp. 91\u2013152). New York: Guilford."},{"key":"22_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnes, M. A., & Dennis, M. (1996). The effects of knowledge availability and knowledge accessibility on coherence and elaborative inferencing in children six to fifteen years of age. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 61, 216\u2013241.","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1996.0015"},{"key":"22_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.2000.2389","volume":"76","author":"M. A. Barnes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barnes, M. A., Faulkner, H. J., & Dennis, M. (2001). Poor reading comprehension despite fast word decoding in children with hydrocephalus. Brain and Language, 76, 35\u201344. doi: 10.1006\/brln.2000.2389 .","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"22_CR6","volume-title":"Reading and writing acquisition: A developmental neuropsychological perspective","author":"V. Berninger","year":"1994","unstructured":"Berninger, V. (1994). Reading and writing acquisition: A developmental neuropsychological perspective. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark."},{"key":"22_CR7","volume-title":"Reading next\u2014A vision for action and research in middle and high school literacy: A report from Carnegie Corporation of New York","author":"G. Biancarosa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Biancarosa, G., & Snow, C. E. (2004). Reading next\u2014A vision for action and research in middle and high school literacy: A report from Carnegie Corporation of New York. Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education."},{"issue":"5","key":"22_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210600624481","volume":"14","author":"K. Cain","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cain, K. (2006). Individual differences in children's memory and reading comprehension: An investigation of semantic and inhibitory deficits. Memory (Hove, England), 14(5), 553\u2013569. doi: 10.1080\/09658210600624481 .","journal-title":"Memory (Hove, England)"},{"issue":"4","key":"22_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1348\/000709905X67610","volume":"76","author":"K. Cain","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cain, K., & Oakhill, J. (2006). Profiles of children with specific reading comprehension difficulties. The British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(4), 683\u2013696. doi: 10.1348\/000709905X67610 .","journal-title":"The British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"22_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.96.1.31","volume":"96","author":"K. Cain","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cain, K., Oakhill, J., & Bryant, P. (2004). Children\u2019s reading comprehension ability: Concurrent prediction by working memory, verbal ability, and component skills. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(1), 31\u201342. doi: 10.1037\/0022-0663.96.1.31 .","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"22_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0304_2","volume":"3","author":"H. W. Catts","year":"1999","unstructured":"Catts, H. W., Fey, M. E., Zhang, X., & Tomblin, J. B. (1999). Language basis of reading and reading disabilities: Evidence from a longitudinal investigation. Scientific Studies of Reading, 3, 331\u2013361. doi: 10.1207\/s1532799xssr0304_2 .","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"key":"22_CR12","volume-title":"The simple view of reading changes over time","author":"H. W. Catts","year":"2003","unstructured":"Catts, H. W., Hogan, T. P., Adof, S. M., & Barth, A. E. (2003a). The simple view of reading changes over time. Boulder, CO: Society for Scientific Study of Reading."},{"key":"22_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940303600208","volume":"36","author":"H. Catts","year":"2003","unstructured":"Catts, H., Hogan, T. P., & Fey, M. (2003b). Subgrouping poor readers on the basis of reading-related abilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36, 151\u2013164. doi: 10.1177\/002221940303600208 .","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"22_CR14","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Reading comprehension difficulties: Processes and intervention.","author":"C. Cornoldi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cornoldi, C., De Beni, R., & Pazzaglia, F. (1996). Profiles of reading comprehension difficulties: An analysis of single cases. In C. Cornoldi, & J. Oakhill (Eds.), Reading comprehension difficulties: Processes and intervention. (pp. 113\u2013136). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum."},{"key":"22_CR15","first-page":"329","volume-title":"How children learn to read: current issues and new directions in the integration of cognition, neurobiology and genetics of reading and dyslexia research and practice","author":"L. E. Cutting","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cutting, L. E., Eason, S. H., Young, K., & Alberstadt, A. L. (2009). Reading comprehension: cognition and neuroimaging. In K. Pugh, & P. McCardle (Eds.), How children learn to read: current issues and new directions in the integration of cognition, neurobiology and genetics of reading and dyslexia research and practice (p. 329). Philadelphia, PA: Earlbaum."},{"issue":"3","key":"22_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr1003_5","volume":"10","author":"L. E. Cutting","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cutting, L. E., & Scarborough, H. S. (2006). Prediction of reading comprehension: Relative contributions of word recognition, language proficiency, and other cognitive skills can depend on how comprehension is measured. Scientific Studies of Reading, 10(3), 277\u2013299. doi: 10.1207\/s1532799xssr1003_5 .","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"key":"22_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6","volume":"19","author":"M. Daneman","year":"1980","unstructured":"Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 450\u2013466. doi: 10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6 .","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"22_CR18","volume-title":"Peabody picture vocabulary test\u2014Third edition (PPVT-III)","author":"L. M. Dunn","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (1997). Peabody picture vocabulary test\u2014Third edition (PPVT-III). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service."},{"key":"22_CR19","volume-title":"ADHD rating scale-IV","author":"G. J. DuPaul","year":"1998","unstructured":"DuPaul, G. J., Power, T. J., Anastopoulos, A. D., & Reid, R. (1998). ADHD rating scale-IV. New York: Guilford."},{"issue":"1","key":"22_CR20","first-page":"6","volume":"7","author":"P. B. Gough","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gough, P. B., & Tunmer, W. E. (1986). Decoding, reading, and reading disability. RASE: Remedial & Special Education, 7(1), 6\u201310. doi: 10.1177\/074193258600700104 .","journal-title":"RASE: Remedial & Special Education"},{"key":"22_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.86.1.6","volume":"86","author":"J. M. Fletcher","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fletcher, J. M., Shaywitz, S. E., Shankweiler, D. P., Katz, L., Liberman, I. Y., Stuebing, K. K., et al. (1994). Cognitive profiles of reading disability: Comparisons of discrepancy and low achievement definitions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86, 6\u201323. doi: 10.1037\/0022-0663.86.1.6 .","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"22_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr1003_6","volume":"10","author":"D. J. Francis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Francis, D. J., Snow, C. E., August, D., Carlson, C. D., Miller, J., & Iglesias, A. (2006). Measures of reading comprehension: A latent variable analysis of the diagnostic assessment of reading comprehension. Scientific Studies of Reading, 10(3), 301\u2013322. doi: 10.1207\/s1532799xssr1003_6 .","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"key":"22_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.4.719","volume":"95","author":"J. R. Jenkins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jenkins, J. R., Fuchs, L. S., Van den Broek, P., Espin, C., & Deno, S. L. (2003a). Sources of individual differences in reading comprehension and reading fluency. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 719\u2013729. doi: 10.1037\/0022-0663.95.4.719 .","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"22_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5826.00078","volume":"18","author":"J. R. Jenkins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jenkins, J. R., Fuchs, L. S., Van den Broek, P., Espin, C., & Deno, S. L. (2003b). Accuracy and fluency in list and context reading of skilled and RD groups: Absolute and relative performance levels. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 18, 237\u2013245. doi: 10.1111\/1540-5826.00078 .","journal-title":"Learning Disabilities Research & Practice"},{"key":"22_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.80.4.437","volume":"80","author":"C. Juel","year":"1988","unstructured":"Juel, C. (1988). Learning to read and write: A longitudinal study of 54 children from first through fourth grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 437\u2013447. doi: 10.1037\/0022-0663.80.4.437 .","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"22_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.99.1.122","volume":"99","author":"M. A. Just","year":"1992","unstructured":"Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1992). A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory. Psychological Review, 99, 122\u2013149. doi: 10.1037\/0033-295X.99.1.122 .","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"22_CR27","volume-title":"WISC-III as a process instrument","author":"E. Kaplan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kaplan, E., Fein, D., Kramer, J., Delis, D., & Morris, R. (1999). WISC-III as a process instrument. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"22_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.100.2.310","volume":"100","author":"S. L. Klauda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Klauda, S. L., & Guthrie, J. T. (2008). Relationships of three components of reading fluency to reading comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 310\u2013321. doi: 10.1037\/0022-0663.100.2.310 .","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"22_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/10888430802132279","volume":"12","author":"J. M. Keenan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Keenan, J. M., Betjemann, R. S., & Olson, R. K. (2008). Reading comprehension tests vary in the skills they assess: Differential dependence on decoding and oral comprehension. Scientific Studies of Reading, 12, 281\u2013300.","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"key":"22_CR30","volume-title":"Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition","author":"W. Kintsch","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"22_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(74)90015-2","volume":"6","author":"D. LaBerge","year":"1974","unstructured":"LaBerge, D., & Samuels, S. J. (1974). Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 293\u2013323. doi: 10.1016\/0010-0285(74)90015-2 .","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"22_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.2.211","volume":"95","author":"J. M. Leach","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leach, J. M., Scarborough, H. S., & Rescorla, L. (2003). Late-emerging reading disabilities. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 211\u2013224. doi: 10.1037\/0022-0663.95.2.211 .","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"22_CR33","first-page":"3","volume":"45","author":"G. R. Lyon","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lyon, G. R. (1995). Toward a definition of dyslexia. Annals of Dyslexia, 45, 3\u201327. doi: 10.1007\/BF02648210 .","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"issue":"7","key":"22_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6177(01)00168-8","volume":"17","author":"E. M. Mahone","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mahone, E. M., Cirino, P. T., Cutting, L. E., Cerrone, P. M., Hagelthorn, K. M., Hiemenz, J. R., et al. (2002a). Validity of the behavior rating inventory of executive function in children with ADHD and\/or Tourette syndrome. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17(7), 643\u2013662. doi: 10.1016\/S0887-6177(01)00168-8 .","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"22_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.8.4.258.13510","volume":"8","author":"E. M. Mahone","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mahone, E. M., Zabel, T. A., Levey, E., Verda, M., & Kinsman, S. (2002b). Parent and self-report ratings of executive function in adolescents with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus. Child Neuropsychology, 8(4), 258\u2013270. doi: 10.1076\/chin.8.4.258.13510 .","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"key":"22_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.8.4.271.13503","volume":"14","author":"S. Mangeot","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mangeot, S., Armstrong, K., Colvin, A. N., Yeates, K. O., & Taylor, H. G. (2002). Long-term executive function deficits in children with traumatic brain injuries: Assessment using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Child Neuropsychology, 14, 271\u2013284. doi: 10.1076\/chin.8.4.271.13503 .","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"key":"22_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/0938-8982.00023","volume":"16","author":"P. McCardle","year":"2001","unstructured":"McCardle, P., Scarborough, H. S., & Cattsm, H. W. (2001). Predicting, explaining, and preventing children\u2019s reading difficulties. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 16, 230\u2013239. doi: 10.1111\/0938-8982.00023 .","journal-title":"Learning Disabilities Research & Practice"},{"key":"22_CR38","first-page":"238","volume":"14","author":"K. Nation","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nation, K. (2001). Reading and language in children: Exposing hidden deficits. The Psychologist, 14, 238\u2013242.","journal-title":"The Psychologist"},{"key":"22_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1999.2498","volume":"73","author":"K. Nation","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nation, K., Adams, J. W., Bowyer-Crane, C. A., & Snowling, M. J. (1999). Working memory deficits in poor comprehenders reflect underlying language impairments. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 73, 139\u2013158. doi: 10.1006\/jecp.1999.2498 .","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"22_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1998.2564","volume":"39","author":"K. Nation","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nation, K., & Snowling, M. J. (1998). Semantic processing and the development of word-recognition skill: Evidence from children with reading comprehension difficulties. Journal of Memory and Language, 39, 85\u2013101. doi: 10.1006\/jmla.1998.2564 .","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"22_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(99)00004-9","volume":"70","author":"K. Nation","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nation, K., & Snowling, M. J. (1999). Developmental differences in sensitivity to semantic relations among good readers and poor comprehenders: Evidence from semantic priming. Cognition, 70, B1\u2013B13. doi: 10.1016\/S0010-0277(99)00004-9 .","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"22_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400002046","volume":"21","author":"K. Nation","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nation, K., & Snowling, M. J. (2000). Factors influencing syntactic awareness skills in normal readers and poor comprehenders. Applied Psycholinguistics, 21, 229\u2013241. doi: 10.1017\/S0142716400002046 .","journal-title":"Applied Psycholinguistics"},{"key":"22_CR43","unstructured":"National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP).(2003). NAEP 2003 trends in academic progress. Retrieved April 11, 2007 from http:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubsearch\/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2004451 , (2007)."},{"key":"22_CR44","volume-title":"Test of language development\u2014Primary","author":"P. L. Newcomer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Newcomer, P. L., & Hammill, D. D. (1997). Test of language development\u2014Primary (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Pro-Ed.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"3","key":"22_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01323045","volume":"5","author":"J. Oakhill","year":"1993","unstructured":"Oakhill, J. (1993). Children\u2019s difficulties in reading comprehension. Educational Psychology Review, 5(3), 223\u2013237. doi: 10.1007\/BF01323045 .","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"22_CR46","volume-title":"Becoming a skilled reader","author":"J. Oakhill","year":"1988","unstructured":"Oakhill, J., & Garnham, A. (1988). Becoming a skilled reader. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell."},{"key":"22_CR47","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Higher order factors in comprehension disability: Processes and remediation","author":"J. Oakhill","year":"1996","unstructured":"Oakhill, J., & Yuill, N. (1996). Higher order factors in comprehension disability: Processes and remediation (pp. 69\u201392). Mahwah, New Jersey: Earlbaum."},{"key":"22_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.98.3.554","volume":"98","author":"G. P. Oullette","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oullette, G. P. (2006). Whats meaning got to do with it: The role of vocabulary in word reading and reading comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 554\u2013566. doi: 10.1037\/0022-0663.98.3.554 .","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"22_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077013","volume":"67","author":"C. A. Perfetti","year":"1975","unstructured":"Perfetti, C. A., & Hogaboam, T. (1975). Relationship between single word decoding and reading comprehension skill. Journal of Educational Psychology, 67, 461\u2013469. doi: 10.1037\/h0077013 .","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"22_CR50","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Reading comprehension difficulties: Processes and intervention","author":"C. A. Perfetti","year":"1996","unstructured":"Perfetti, C. A., Marron, M. A., & Foltz, P. W. (1996). Sources of comprehension failure: Theoretical perspectives and case studies. In C. Cornoldi, & J. Oakhill (Eds.), Reading comprehension difficulties: Processes and intervention (pp. 137\u2013166). Mahwah, New Jersey: Earlbaum."},{"key":"22_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738040190100801","volume":"19","author":"K. B. Powell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Powell, K. B., & Voeller, K. K. (2004). Prefrontal executive function syndromes in children. Journal of Child Neurology, 19, 785\u2013797.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Neurology"},{"key":"22_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025731529006","volume":"25","author":"K. L. Purvis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Purvis, K. L., & Tannock, R. (1997). Language abilities in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, reading disabilities, and normal controls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 133\u2013144. doi: 10.1023\/A:1025731529006 .","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"22_CR53","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Reading Comprehension Difficulties: Processes and Intervention","author":"T. Ruffman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ruffman, T. (1996). Reassessing children's comprehension\u2013monitoring skills. In C. Cornoldi, & J. Oakhill (Eds.), Reading Comprehension Difficulties: Processes and Intervention (pp. 37\u201367). Mahwah, New Jersey: Earlbaum."},{"key":"22_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.2307\/1130834","volume":"61","author":"H. S. Scarborough","year":"1990","unstructured":"Scarborough, H. S. (1990). Very early language deficits in dyslexic children. Child Development, 61, 1728\u20131743. doi: 10.2307\/1130834 .","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"22_CR55","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The connections between language and reading disabilities","author":"H. S. Scarborough","year":"2005","unstructured":"Scarborough, H. S. (2005). Developmental relationships between language and reading: Reconciling a beautiful hypothesis with some ugly facts. In H. W. Catts, & A. G. Kamhi (Eds.), The connections between language and reading disabilities (pp. 3\u201324). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum."},{"key":"22_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203936443","volume-title":"Higher level language processes in the brain: Inference and comprehension processes","author":"F. Schmalhofer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schmalhofer, F., & Perfetti, C. A. (2007). Higher level language processes in the brain: Inference and comprehension processes. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum."},{"key":"22_CR57","unstructured":"Sesma, H. W., Mahone, E. M., Levine, T., Eason, S.H., & Cutting, L.E. (2008). The contribution of executive skills to reading comprehension. Child Neuropsychology, 15, 1\u201315."},{"key":"22_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1982.0082","volume":"298","author":"T. Shallice","year":"1982","unstructured":"Shallice, T. (1982). Specific impairments of planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 298, 199\u2013209. doi: 10.1098\/rstb.1982.0082 .","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"22_CR59","first-page":"113","volume":"3","author":"D. Shankweiler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shankweiler, D. (1999). Words to meanings. Scientific Studies of Reading, 3, 113\u2013127. doi: 10.1207\/s1532799xssr0302_2 .","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"issue":"1","key":"22_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0801_5","volume":"8","author":"D. L. Share","year":"2004","unstructured":"Share, D. L., & Leikin, M. (2004). Language impairment at school entry and later reading disability: Connections at lexical versus supralexical levels of reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, 8(1), 87\u2013110. doi: 10.1207\/s1532799xssr0801_5 .","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"key":"22_CR61","volume-title":"Reading for understanding: Toward a research and development program in reading comprehension","author":"C. E. Snow","year":"2002","unstructured":"Snow, C. E. (2002). Reading for understanding: Toward a research and development program in reading comprehension. Santa Monica, CA: RAND."},{"key":"22_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01298.x","volume":"36","author":"S. E. Stothard","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stothard, S. E., & Hulme, C. (1995). A comparison of phonological skills in children with reading comprehension difficulties and children with decoding difficulties. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 36, 399\u2013408. doi: 10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01298.x .","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines"},{"key":"22_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1998.2477","volume":"72","author":"H. L. Swanson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Swanson, H. L. (1999). Reading comprehension and working memory in learning-disabled readers: Is the phonological loop more important than the executive system. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 72, 1\u201331. doi: 10.1006\/jecp.1998.2477 .","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"22_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.89.1.128","volume":"89","author":"H. L. Swanson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Swanson, H. L., & Alexander, J. E. (1997). Cognitive processes as predictors of word recognition and reading comprehension in learning-disabled and skilled readers: Revisiting the specificity hypothesis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 128\u2013158. doi: 10.1037\/0022-0663.89.1.128 .","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"22_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swanson, H. L., & Berninger, V. M. (1996). Individual differences in children\u2019s working memory and writing skill. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 63(2), 358\u2013385.","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1996.0054"},{"key":"22_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1996.tb01201.x","volume":"66","author":"H. L. Swanson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Swanson, H. L., & Trahan, M. (1996). Learning disabled and average readers\u2019 working memory and comprehension: Does metacognition play a role. The British Journal of Educational Psychology, 66, 333\u2013355.","journal-title":"The British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"22_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1207\/SLDRP1501_6","volume":"15","author":"K. L. Torgesen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Torgesen, K. L. (2000). Individual differences in response to early interventions in reading: The lingering problem of treatment resisters. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 15, 55\u201364. doi: 10.1207\/SLDRP1501_6 .","journal-title":"Learning Disabilities Research & Practice"},{"key":"22_CR68","volume-title":"Test of word reading efficiency","author":"J. K. Torgesen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Torgesen, J. K., Wagner, R. K., & Rashotte, C. A. (1999). Test of word reading efficiency. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed."},{"key":"22_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-007-0003-0","volume":"57","author":"M. Torppa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Torppa, M., Tolvanen, A., Poikkeus, A. M., Eklund, K., Lerkkanen, M. K., Leskinen, E., et al. (2007). Reading development subtypes and their early characteristics. Annals of Dyslexia, 57, 3\u201332. doi: 10.1007\/s11881-007-0003-0 .","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"22_CR70","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Frames of reference for the assessment of learning disabilities: New views on measurement issues","author":"F. Vellutino","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vellutino, F., Scanlon, D., & Tanzman, M. (1994). Components of reading ability: Issues and problems in operationalizing word identification, phonological coding, and orthographic coding. In G. R. Lyon (Ed.), Frames of reference for the assessment of learning disabilities: New views on measurement issues (pp. 279\u2013332). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes."},{"key":"22_CR71","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children\u2014III","author":"D. L. Wechsler","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. L. (1991). Wechsler intelligence scale for children\u2014III. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"22_CR72","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children\u2014Fourth Edition","author":"D. Wechsler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler intelligence scale for children\u2014Fourth Edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"22_CR73","volume-title":"Examiner\u2019s manual: Gray oral reading test\u2014Fourth Edition","author":"L. Wiederholt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wiederholt, L., & Bryant, B. (2000). Examiner\u2019s manual: Gray oral reading test\u2014Fourth Edition. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed."},{"key":"22_CR74","volume-title":"Test of language competence\u2014Expanded","author":"E. Wiig","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wiig, E., & Secord, W. (1989). Test of language competence\u2014Expanded. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"22_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.02.006","volume":"57","author":"E. G. Willcutt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1336\u20131346. doi: 10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.02.006 .","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"22_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532799XSSR0503_2","volume":"5","author":"M. Wolf","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wolf, M., & Katzir-Cohen, T. (2001). Reading fluency and its intervention. Scientific Studies of Reading, 5, 211\u2013238. doi: 10.1207\/S1532799XSSR0503_2 .","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"key":"22_CR77","volume-title":"Woodcock reading mastery tests\u2014Revised\/normative update","author":"R. W. Woodcock","year":"1998","unstructured":"Woodcock, R. W. (1998). Woodcock reading mastery tests\u2014Revised\/normative update. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service."}],"container-title":["Annals of Dyslexia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11881-009-0022-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11881-009-0022-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11881-009-0022-0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]],"date-time":"2020-05-17T14:50:37Z","timestamp":1589727037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11881-009-0022-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,25]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["22"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11881-009-0022-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-9387","1934-7243"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-9387","type":"print"},{"value":"1934-7243","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,25]]}}}