{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T18:34:36Z","timestamp":1790534076778,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,7]],"date-time":"2011-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1294358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann. of Dyslexia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-010-0050-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,6]],"date-time":"2011-01-06T16:36:05Z","timestamp":1294331765000},"page":"111-135","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Orthographic processing efficiency in developmental dyslexia: an investigation of age and treatment factors at the sublexical level"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Beth A.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryanne","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne T.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen W.","family":"Lovett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"50_CR1","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Perception of print: Reading research in experimental psychology","author":"MJ Adams","year":"1981","unstructured":"Adams, M. J. (1981). What good is orthographic redundancy? In O. J. L. Tzeng & H. Singer (Eds.), Perception of print: Reading research in experimental psychology (pp. 197\u2013221). Hillsdale: Erlbaum."},{"issue":"1","key":"50_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/1525740108325553","volume":"31","author":"K Apel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Apel, K. (2009). The acquisition of mental orthographic representations for reading and spelling development. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 31(1), 42\u201352.","journal-title":"Communication Disorders Quarterly"},{"key":"50_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2307\/747673","volume":"27","author":"TA Barker","year":"1992","unstructured":"Barker, T. A., Torgesen, J. K., & Wagner, R. K. (1992). The role of orthographic processing skills on five different reading tasks. Reading Research Quarterly, 27, 334\u2013345.","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"50_CR4","volume-title":"Words their way: Word study for phonics, vocabulary, and spelling instruction","author":"DR Bear","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bear, D. R., Invernizzi, M., Templeton, S., & Johnston, F. (2004). Words their way: Word study for phonics, vocabulary, and spelling instruction (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall.","edition":"3"},{"key":"50_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(87)90015-4","volume":"43","author":"VW Berninger","year":"1987","unstructured":"Berninger, V. W. (1987). Global, component, and serial processing of printed words in beginning reading. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 43, 387\u2013418.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"50_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-3492-9_9","volume-title":"The varieties of orthographic knowledge, 1: Theoretical and developmental issues","author":"VW Berninger","year":"1994","unstructured":"Berninger, V. W., & Abbott, R. D. (1994). Multiple orthographic and phonological codes in literacy acquisition: An evolving research program. In V. W. Berninger (Ed.), The varieties of orthographic knowledge, 1: Theoretical and developmental issues (pp. 277\u2013319). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers."},{"key":"50_CR7","volume-title":"Teaching students with dyslexia and dysgraphia: Lessons from Teaching and Science","author":"VW Berninger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Berninger, V. W., & Wolf, B. J. (2009). Teaching students with dyslexia and dysgraphia: Lessons from Teaching and Science. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes."},{"key":"50_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00420030","volume":"3","author":"VW Berninger","year":"1991","unstructured":"Berninger, V. W., Yates, C., & Lester, K. (1991). Multiple orthographic codes in reading and writing acquisition. Reading and Writing, 3, 115\u2013149.","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"key":"50_CR9","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Learning to spell","author":"AMT Bosman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bosman, A. M. T., & Van Orden, G. C. (1997). Why spelling is more difficult than reading. In C. A. Perfetti (Ed.), Learning to spell (pp. 173\u2013193). Hillsdale: Erlbaum."},{"issue":"1","key":"50_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01026919","volume":"5","author":"PG Bowers","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bowers, P. G., & Wolf, M. (1993). Theoretical links among naming speed, precise timing mechanisms and orthographic skill in dyslexia. Journal Reading and Writing, 5(1), 69\u201385.","journal-title":"Journal Reading and Writing"},{"key":"50_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410617019","volume-title":"Fluency in reading: Synchronization of processes","author":"Z Breznitz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Breznitz, Z. (2006). Fluency in reading: Synchronization of processes. Mahwah: Erlbaum."},{"issue":"3","key":"50_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2307\/1511325","volume":"16","author":"M Bruck","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bruck, M. (1993). Component spelling skills of college students with childhood diagnoses of dyslexia. Learning Disability Quarterly, 16(3), 171\u2013184.","journal-title":"Learning Disability Quarterly"},{"key":"50_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1996.82.3c.1155","volume":"82","author":"C Casco","year":"1996","unstructured":"Casco, C., & Prunetti, E. (1996). Visual search of good and poor readers: Effects with targets having single and combined features. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82, 1155\u20131167.","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"50_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70512-4","volume":"34","author":"C Casco","year":"1998","unstructured":"Casco, C., Tressoldi, P. E., & Dellantonio, A. (1998). Visual selective attention and reading efficiency are related in children. Cortex: A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 34, 531\u2013546.","journal-title":"Cortex: A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior"},{"key":"50_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.2007.00367.x","volume":"31","author":"A Castles","year":"2008","unstructured":"Castles, A., & Nation, K. (2008). Learning to be a good orthographic reader. Journal of Research in Reading, 31, 1\u20137.","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Reading"},{"key":"50_CR16","volume-title":"Learning to read: The great debate","author":"J Chall","year":"1983","unstructured":"Chall, J. (1983). Learning to read: The great debate. New York: McGraw-Hill."},{"issue":"2","key":"50_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.2.291","volume":"123","author":"L Cohen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cohen, L., Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Leh\u00e9ricy, S., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., H\u00e9naff, M., et al. (2000). The visual word form area: Spatial and temporal characterization of an initial stage of reading in normal subjects and posterior split-brain patients. Brain, 123(2), 291\u2013307.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"50_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532799XSSR0403_3","volume":"4","author":"DL Compton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Compton, D. L. (2000). Modeling the growth of decoding skills in first-grade children. Scientific Studies of Reading, 4(3), 219\u2013259.","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"issue":"4","key":"50_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1991.3.4.304","volume":"3","author":"PE Compton","year":"1991","unstructured":"Compton, P. E., Grossenbacher, P. G., Posner, M. I., & Tucker, D. M. (1991). A cognitive-anatomical approach to attention in lexical access. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3(4), 304\u2013312.","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"50_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-006-9028-8","volume":"20","author":"N Conrad","year":"2007","unstructured":"Conrad, N., & Levy, B. (2007). Letter processing and the formation of memory representations in children with naming speed deficits. Reading and Writing, 20(3), 201\u2013223.","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"key":"50_CR21","volume-title":"Facets of dyslexia and its remediation","author":"E Corcos","year":"1993","unstructured":"Corcos, E., & Willows, D. (1993). The role of visual processing in good and poor readers\u2019 utilization of orthographic information in letter strings. In S. Wright & R. Groner (Eds.), Facets of dyslexia and its remediation. Amsterdam: Elsevier."},{"issue":"8","key":"50_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1994.tb11914.x","volume":"36","author":"P Cornelissen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cornelissen, P., Bradley, L., Fowler, S., & Stein, J. (1994). What children see affects how they spell. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 36(8), 716\u2013726.","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"50_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-998-0008-3","volume":"48","author":"P Cornelissen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cornelissen, P., & Hansen, P. (1998). Motion detection, letter position encoding, and single word reading. Annals of Dyslexia, 48(1), 155\u2013188.","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"issue":"3","key":"50_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00199-5","volume":"38","author":"P Cornelissen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cornelissen, P., Hansen, P., Hutton, J., Evangelinou, V., & Stein, J. (1998). Magnocellular visual function and children\u2019s single word reading. Vision Research, 38(3), 471\u2013482.","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"50_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/89551","volume":"4","author":"S Dehaene","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Cohen, L., Le Bihan, D., Mangin, J.-F., Poline, J.-B., et al. (2001). Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 752\u2013758.","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"50_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(74)80009-2","volume":"10","author":"M Denckla","year":"1974","unstructured":"Denckla, M., & Rudel, R. (1974). Rapid \u201cautomatized\u201d naming of pictured objects, colors, letters and numbers by normal children. Cortex, 10(2), 186\u2013202.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"4","key":"50_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(76)90075-0","volume":"14","author":"M Denckla","year":"1976","unstructured":"Denckla, M., & Rudel, R. (1976). Rapid automatized naming (RAN): Dyslexia differentiated from other learning disabilities. Neuropsychologia, 14(4), 471\u2013479.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"50_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.10.010","volume":"52","author":"J Ecalle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ecalle, J., Magnan, A., & Calmus, C. (2009). Lasting effects on literacy skills with a computer-assisted learning using syllabic units in low-progress readers. Computers & Education, 52(3), 554\u2013561.","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"50_CR29","first-page":"63","volume":"1","author":"L Ehri","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ehri, L. (1979). Linguistic insight: Threshold of reading acquisition. Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, 1, 63\u2013114.","journal-title":"Reading research: Advances in theory and practice"},{"issue":"6","key":"50_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200606","volume":"22","author":"L Ehri","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ehri, L. (1989). The development of spelling knowledge and its role in reading acquisition and reading disability. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22(6), 356.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"50_CR31","first-page":"107","volume":"5","author":"L Ehri","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ehri, L. (1992). Reconceptualizing the development of sight word reading and its relationship to recoding. Reading acquisition, 5, 107\u2013143.","journal-title":"Reading acquisition"},{"issue":"2","key":"50_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0902_4","volume":"9","author":"L Ehri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ehri, L. (2005). Learning to read words: Theory, findings, and issues. Scientific Studies of Reading, 9(2), 167\u2013188.","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"issue":"3","key":"50_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03162082","volume":"7","author":"L Ehri","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ehri, L., & Saltmarsh, J. (1995). Beginning readers outperform older disabled readers in learning to read words by sight. Reading and Writing, 7(3), 295\u2013326.","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"key":"50_CR34","volume-title":"Reading mastery I\/II fast cycle: Teacher\u2019s guide","author":"S Engelmann","year":"1988","unstructured":"Engelmann, S., & Bruner, E. (1988). Reading mastery I\/II fast cycle: Teacher\u2019s guide. Chicago: Science Research Associates."},{"key":"50_CR35","volume-title":"Corrective Reading: Decoding strategies","author":"S Engelmann","year":"1988","unstructured":"Engelmann, S., Johnson, G., Carnine, L., Meyer, L., Becher, W., & Eisele, J. (1988). Corrective Reading: Decoding strategies. Chicago: Science Research Associates."},{"issue":"4","key":"50_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(00)00138-X","volume":"39","author":"A Facoetti","year":"2001","unstructured":"Facoetti, A., & Molteni, M. (2001). The gradient of visual attention in developmental dyslexia. Neuropsychologia, 39(4), 352\u2013357.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"50_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70840-2","volume":"36","author":"A Facoetti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Facoetti, A., Paganoni, P., Turatto, M., Marzola, V., & Mascetti, G. (2000). Visual-spatial attention in developmental dyslexia. Cortex, 36(1), 109\u2013124.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"50_CR38","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading","author":"U Frith","year":"1985","unstructured":"Frith, U. (1985). Beneath the surface of developmental dyslexia. In K. E. Patterson, J. C. Marshall, & M. Coltheart (Eds.), Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading (pp. 301\u2013330). Hillsdale: Erlbaum."},{"issue":"1","key":"50_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/105345128402000106","volume":"20","author":"M Gerber","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gerber, M. (1984). Techniques to teach generalizable spelling skills. Academic Therapy, 20(1), 49\u201358.","journal-title":"Academic Therapy"},{"key":"50_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-3492-9_11","volume-title":"The varieties of orthographic knowledge I. Theoretical and developmental issues","author":"E Geva","year":"1994","unstructured":"Geva, E., & Willows, D. (1994). Orthographic knowledge is orthographic knowledge is orthographic knowledge. In V. W. Berninger (Ed.), The varieties of orthographic knowledge I. Theoretical and developmental issues (pp. 359\u2013380). Dordrecht: Kluwer."},{"issue":"5","key":"50_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03199515","volume":"22","author":"L Geyer","year":"1977","unstructured":"Geyer, L. (1977). Recognition and confusion of the lowercase alphabet. Perception & Psychophysics, 22(5), 487\u2013490.","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"50_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.2307\/1420279","volume":"75","author":"E Gibson","year":"1962","unstructured":"Gibson, E., Pick, A., Osser, H., & Hammond, M. (1962). The role of grapheme-phoneme correspondence in the perception of words. The American Journal of Psychology, 75, 554\u2013570.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"50_CR43","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Development of orthographic knowledge and the foundations of literacy: A memorial festschrift for Edward H. Henderson","author":"EH Henderson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Henderson, E. H. (1992). The interface of lexical competence and knowledge of written words. In S. Templeton & D. Bear (Eds.), Development of orthographic knowledge and the foundations of literacy: A memorial festschrift for Edward H. Henderson (pp. 1\u201330). Hillsdale: Erlbaum."},{"key":"50_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-997-0022-x","volume":"47","author":"A Hultquist","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hultquist, A. (1997). Orthographic processing abilities of adolescents with dyslexia. Annals of Dyslexia, 47, 89\u2013114.","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"50_CR45","first-page":"105","volume-title":"The development of orthographic knowledge: Foundations of literacy","author":"M Invernizzi","year":"1992","unstructured":"Invernizzi, M. (1992). The vowel and what follows: a phonological frame of orthographic analysis. In S. Templeton & D. Bear (Eds.), The development of orthographic knowledge: Foundations of literacy (pp. 105\u2013136). New York: Erlbaum."},{"key":"50_CR46","volume-title":"Wide range achievement test-revised","author":"S Jastak","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jastak, S., & Wilkinson, G. S. (1984). Wide range achievement test-revised. Wilmington: Jastak Associates."},{"issue":"4","key":"50_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.4.719","volume":"95","author":"JR Jenkins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jenkins, J. R., Fuchs, L. S., van den Broek, P., Espin, C., & Deno, S. L. (2003). Sources of individual differences in reading comprehension and reading fluency. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), 719\u2013729.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"50_CR48","first-page":"307","volume-title":"Dyslexia, Fluency, and the Brain","author":"E Kame\u2019enui","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kame\u2019enui, E., Simmons, D., Good, R., & Harn, B. (2001). The use of fluency-based measures in early identification and evaluation of intervention efficacy in schools. In M. Wolf (Ed.), Dyslexia, Fluency, and the Brain (pp. 307\u2013331). Timonium: York Press."},{"issue":"6","key":"50_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.69.6.653","volume":"69","author":"L Katz","year":"1977","unstructured":"Katz, L. (1977). Reading ability and single-letter orthographic redundancy. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(6), 653\u2013659.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"50_CR50","volume-title":"Kaufman brief intelligence test","author":"AS Kaufman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (1990). Kaufman brief intelligence test. Circle Pines: American Guidance Service."},{"key":"50_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.364","volume":"15","author":"N Kemp","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kemp, N., Parrilla, R., & Kirby, J. (2008). Phonological and orthographic spelling in high-functioning adult dyslexics. Dyslexia, 15, 105\u2013128.","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"50_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.1.3","volume":"95","author":"MR Kuhn","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kuhn, M. R., & Stahl, S. A. (2003). Fluency: A review of developmental and remedial practices. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 3\u201321.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"50_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(74)90015-2","volume":"6","author":"D LaBerge","year":"1974","unstructured":"LaBerge, D., & Samuels, S. (1974). Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 6(2), 293\u2013323.","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"50_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/10862968109547420","volume":"13","author":"L Leslie","year":"1981","unstructured":"Leslie, L., & Shannon, A. (1981). Recognition of orthographic structure during beginning reading. Journal of Reading Behavior, 13(4), 313\u2013324.","journal-title":"Journal of Reading Behavior"},{"key":"50_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2307\/1511307","volume":"20","author":"BA Levy","year":"1997","unstructured":"Levy, B. A., Abello, B., & Lysynchuk, L. (1997). Transfer from word training to reading in context: Gains in fluency and comprehension. Learning Disabilities Quarterly, 20, 173\u2013188.","journal-title":"Learning Disabilities Quarterly"},{"key":"50_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1999.2497","volume":"73","author":"BA Levy","year":"1999","unstructured":"Levy, B. A., Bourassa, D. C., & Horn, C. (1999). Fast and slow namers: Benefits of segmentation and whole word training. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 73, 115\u2013138.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"50_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300507","volume":"33","author":"MW Lovett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lovett, M. W., Lacerenza, L., & Borden, S. L. (2000). Putting struggling readers on the PHAST track: A program to integrate phonological and strategy-based remedial reading instruction and maximize outcomes. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33(5), 458\u2013476.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"50_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300405","volume":"33","author":"FR Manis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Manis, F. R., Doi, L. M., & Badha, B. (2000). Naming speed, phonological awareness, and orthographic knowledge in second graders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33, 325\u2013333.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"issue":"2","key":"50_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0302_3","volume":"3","author":"FR Manis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Manis, F. R., Seidenberg, M. S., & Doi, L. M. (1999). See Dick RAN: Rapid naming and the longitudinal prediction of reading subskills in first and second graders. Scientific Studies of Reading, 3(2), 129\u2013157.","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"key":"50_CR60","volume-title":"Peabody individual achievement test-revised\/NU","author":"FC Markwardt","year":"1998","unstructured":"Markwardt, F. C. (1998). Peabody individual achievement test-revised\/NU. Circle Pines: American Guidance Service."},{"issue":"2","key":"50_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2307\/747325","volume":"15","author":"J Mason","year":"1980","unstructured":"Mason, J. (1980). When do children begin to read? An exploration of four year old children\u2019s letter and word reading competencies. Reading Research Quarterly, 15(2), 203\u2013227.","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"50_CR62","volume-title":"Letter and word perception: Orthographic structure and visual processing in reading","author":"DW Massaro","year":"1980","unstructured":"Massaro, D. W., Taylor, G. A., Venezky, R. L., Jastrzembski, J. E., & Lucas, P. A. (1980). Letter and word perception: Orthographic structure and visual processing in reading. Amsterdam: North-Holland."},{"key":"50_CR63","volume-title":"Test of Silent Word Reading Fluency (TOSWRF)","author":"N Mather","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mather, N., Hammill, D. D., Allen, E. A., & Roberts, R. (2004). Test of Silent Word Reading Fluency (TOSWRF). Austin: Pro-Ed, Inc."},{"issue":"2","key":"50_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.40.2.2","volume":"40","author":"PG Mathes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mathes, P. G., Denton, C. A., Fletcher, J. M., Anthony, J. L., Francis, D. J., & Schatschneider, C. (2005). The effects of theoretically different instruction and student characteristics on the skills of struggling readers. Reading Research Quarterly, 40(2), 148\u2013182.","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"50_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-1-1","volume":"1","author":"U Maurer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Maurer, U., Brandeis, D., & McCandliss, B. D. (2005). Fast, visual specialization for reading in English revealed by the topography of the N170 ERP response. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 1(1), 1\u201313.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Functions"},{"key":"50_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.06.025","volume":"33","author":"U Maurer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maurer, U., Brem, S., Krantz, F., Bucher, K., Benz, R., Halder, P., et al., (2006). Course neural tuning for print peaks when children learn to read. NeuroImage, 33, 749\u2013758.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"7","key":"50_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(03)00134-7","volume":"7","author":"BD McCandliss","year":"2003","unstructured":"McCandliss, B. D., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003). The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(7), 293\u2013299.","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"50_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1997.0661","volume":"33","author":"BD McCandliss","year":"1997","unstructured":"McCandliss, B. D., Posner, M. I., & Givo\u2019n, T. (1997). Brain plasticity in learning visual words. Cognitive Psychology, 33, 88\u2013110.","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"50_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-999-0027-8","volume":"49","author":"MS Meyer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Meyer, M. S., & Felton, R. H. (1999). Repeated reading to enhance fluency: Old approaches and new directions. Annals of Dyslexia, 49, 283\u2013306.","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"50_CR70","volume-title":"Dyslexia: The pattern of difficulties","author":"TR Miles","year":"1983","unstructured":"Miles, T. R. (1983). Dyslexia: The pattern of difficulties. London: Granada."},{"key":"50_CR71","unstructured":"Morris, R. D., Lovett, M. W., Wolf, M., Sevcik, R. A., Steinbach, K. A., Frijters, J. C., et al. (2010). Multiple-component remediation for developmental reading disabilities: IQ, socioeconomic status, and race as factors in remedial outcome. Journal of Learning Disabilities (in press)."},{"issue":"6","key":"50_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164403258442","volume":"63","author":"A Notenboom","year":"2003","unstructured":"Notenboom, A., & Reitsma, P. (2003). Investigating the dimensions of spelling ability. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(6), 1039\u20131059.","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"50_CR73","volume-title":"Reading research: Advances in theory and practice","author":"RK Olson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Olson, R. K., Kliegl, R., Davidson, B. J., & Foltz, G. (1985). Individual and developmental differences in reading disability. In G. E. MacKinnon & T. G. Waller (Eds.), Reading research: Advances in theory and practice (Vol. 4). Orlando: Academic."},{"key":"50_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01027488","volume":"4","author":"RK Olson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Olson, R. K., & Wise, B. W. (1992). Reading on the computer with orthographic and speech feedback: An overview of the Colorado Remedial Reading Project. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 4, 107\u2013144.","journal-title":"Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"50_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2004.01.009","volume":"89","author":"K Pammer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pammer, K., Lavis, R., Hansen, P., & Cornelissen, P. L. (2004). Symbol-string sensitivity and children\u2019s reading. Brain and Language, 89, 601\u2013610.","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"50_CR76","volume-title":"Reading ability","author":"CA Perfetti","year":"1985","unstructured":"Perfetti, C. A. (1985). Reading ability. New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"50_CR77","first-page":"145","volume-title":"reading acquisition","author":"CA Perfetti","year":"1992","unstructured":"Perfetti, C. A. (1992). The representation problem in reading acquisition. In P. B. Gough, L. C. Ehri, & R. Treiman (Eds.), reading acquisition (pp. 145\u2013174). Hillsdale: Erlbaum."},{"issue":"3","key":"50_CR78","first-page":"283","volume":"33","author":"C Perfetti","year":"1987","unstructured":"Perfetti, C., Beck, I., Bell, L., & Hughes, C. (1987). Phonemic knowledge and learning to read are reciprocal: A longitudinal study of first grade children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 33(3), 283\u2013319.","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"50_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1075\/swll.11.14per","volume-title":"Precursors of functional literacy","author":"CA Perfetti","year":"2002","unstructured":"Perfetti, C. A., & Hart, L. (2002). The lexical quality hypothesis. In L. Verhoeven, C. Elbro, & P. Reitsma (Eds.), Precursors of functional literacy (pp. 189\u2013213). Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company."},{"issue":"5\/6","key":"50_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1080\/016909697386682","volume":"12","author":"DC Plaut","year":"1997","unstructured":"Plaut, D. C. (1997). Structure and function in the lexical system: Insight from distributed models of word reading and lexical decision. Language and Cognitive Processes, 12(5\/6), 765\u2013805.","journal-title":"Language and Cognitive Processes"},{"key":"50_CR81","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Converging methods for understanding reading and dyslexia","author":"M Posner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Posner, M., & McCandliss, B. D. (2000). Brain circuitry during reading. In R. Klein & P. McMullen (Eds.), Converging methods for understanding reading and dyslexia (pp. 305\u2013337). Cambridge: MIT Press."},{"issue":"4","key":"50_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219407311747","volume":"41","author":"A Puolakanaho","year":"2008","unstructured":"Puolakanaho, A., Ahonen, T., Aro, M., Eklund, K., Lepp\u00e4nen, P. H. T., Poikkeus, A., et al. (2008). Developmental links of very early phonological and language skills to second grade reading outcomes strong to accuracy but only minor to fluency. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41(4), 353\u2013370.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"issue":"2","key":"50_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.20.2.4","volume":"20","author":"CA Rashotte","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rashotte, C. A., & Torgesen, J. K. (1985). Repeated reading and reading fluency in learning disabled children. Reading Research Quarterly, 20(2), 180\u2013188.","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"50_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/1529-1006.00004","volume":"2","author":"K Rayner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rayner, K., Foorman, B. R., Perfetti, C. A., Pesetsky, D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2001). How psychological science informs the teaching of reading. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 2(2), 31\u201374.","journal-title":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest"},{"issue":"2","key":"50_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(83)90036-X","volume":"36","author":"P Reitsma","year":"1983","unstructured":"Reitsma, P. (1983). Printed word learning in beginning readers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 36(2), 321\u2013339.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"50_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00735.x","volume":"15","author":"NW Roach","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roach, N. W., & Hogben, J. H. (2004). Attentional modulation of visual processing in adult dyslexia: A spatial-cuing deficit. Psychological Science, 15(10), 650\u2013654.","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"50_CR87","first-page":"403","volume":"32","author":"SJ Samuels","year":"1979","unstructured":"Samuels, S. J. (1979). The method of repeated readings. The Reading Teacher, 32(4), 403\u2013408.","journal-title":"The Reading Teacher"},{"key":"50_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1984.tb01904.x","volume":"75","author":"HS Scarborough","year":"1984","unstructured":"Scarborough, H. S. (1984). Continuity between childhood dyslexia and adult reading. British Journal of Psychology, 75, 329\u2013348.","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"50_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.96.2.265","volume":"96","author":"C Schatschneider","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schatschneider, C., Fletcher, J. M., Francis, D. J., Carlson, C. D., & Foorman, B. R. (2004). Kindergarten prediction of reading skills: A longitudinal comparative analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(2), 265\u2013282.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"50_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.4.523","volume":"96","author":"MS Seidenberg","year":"1989","unstructured":"Seidenberg, M. S., & McClelland, J. L. (1989). A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review, 96(4), 523\u2013568.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"50_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2004.01.001","volume":"87","author":"D Share","year":"2004","unstructured":"Share, D. (2004). Orthographic learning at a glance: On the time course and developmental onset of self-teaching. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 87, 267\u2013298.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"50_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.43.3.1","volume":"43","author":"AC Sharp","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sharp, A. C., Sinatra, G. M., & Reynolds, R. E. (2008). The development of children\u2019s orthographic knowledge: A microgenetic perspective. Reading Research Quarterly, 43(3), 206\u2013226.","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"50_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.86.1.24","volume":"86","author":"KE Stanovich","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stanovich, K. E., & Siegel, L. S. (1994). Phenotypic performance profile of children with reading disabilities: A regression-based tests of the phonological-core variable-difference model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(1), 24\u201353.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"50_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.2307\/747605","volume":"24","author":"KE Stanovich","year":"1989","unstructured":"Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (1989). Exposure to print and orthographic processing. Reading Research Quarterly, 24(4), 402\u2013433.","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"50_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532799XSSR0604_05","volume":"6","author":"K Sunseth","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sunseth, K., & Bowers, P. G. (2002). Rapid naming and phonemic awareness: Contributions to reading, spelling, and orthographic knowledge. Scientific Studies of Reading, 6, 401\u2013429.","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"key":"50_CR96","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"BG Tabachnick","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1989). Using multivariate statistics. New York: Harper Collins Publishers."},{"key":"50_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/07419325040250040801","volume":"25","author":"WJ Therrien","year":"2004","unstructured":"Therrien, W. J. (2004). Fluency and comprehension gains as a result of repeated reading. Remedial and Special Education, 25, 252\u2013261.","journal-title":"Remedial and Special Education"},{"key":"50_CR98","volume-title":"Test of word reading efficiency. Examiner\u2019s manual","author":"JK Torgesen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Torgesen, J. K., Wagner, R. K., & Rashotte, C. A. (1999). Test of word reading efficiency. Examiner\u2019s manual. Austin: PRO-ED."},{"key":"50_CR99","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Foundations of reading acquisition and dyslexia: Implications for early intervention","author":"R Treiman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Treiman, R. (1997). Spelling in normal children and dyslexics. In B. Blachman (Ed.), Foundations of reading acquisition and dyslexia: Implications for early intervention (pp. 191\u2013219). Mahwah: Erlbaum."},{"key":"50_CR100","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Frames of reference for the assessment of learning disabilities: New views on measurement issues","author":"FR Vellutino","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vellutino, F. R., Scanlon, D. M., & Tanzman, M. S. (1994). Components of reading ability: Issues and problems in operationalizing word identification, phonological coding, and orthographic coding. In G. R. Lyon (Ed.), Frames of reference for the assessment of learning disabilities: New views on measurement issues (pp. 279\u2013329). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes."},{"issue":"6","key":"50_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199904260-00024","volume":"10","author":"TR Vidyasagar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vidyasagar, T. R., & Pammer, K. (1999). Impaired visual search in dyslexia relates to the role of the magnocellular pathway in attention. NeuroReport, 10(6), 1283\u20131287.","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"50_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.30.1.73","volume":"30","author":"RK Wagner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wagner, R. K., Torgesen, J. K., & Rashotte, C. A. (1994). The development of reading-related phonological processing abilities: New evidence of bi-directional causality from a latent variable longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 30, 73\u201387.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"50_CR103","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children-third edition","author":"D Wechsler","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler intelligence scale for children-third edition. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation."},{"issue":"2","key":"50_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196158","volume":"8","author":"C Whitney","year":"2001","unstructured":"Whitney, C. (2001). How the brain encodes the order of letters in a printed word: The SERIOL model and selective literature review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8(2), 221\u2013243.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"50_CR105","volume-title":"Gray oral reading tests. Examiner\u2019s manual","author":"JL Wiederholt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wiederholt, J. L., & Bryant, B. R. (2001). Gray oral reading tests. Examiner\u2019s manual. Austin: PRO-ED."},{"issue":"4","key":"50_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300409","volume":"33","author":"M Wolf","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wolf, M., Bowers, P. G., & Biddle, K. (2000). Naming-speed processes, timing, and reading: A conceptual review. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33(4), 387\u2013407.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"50_CR107","volume-title":"Rapid automatized naming and rapid alternating stimulus tests (RAN\/RAS)","author":"M Wolf","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wolf, M., & Denckla, M. B. (2004). Rapid automatized naming and rapid alternating stimulus tests (RAN\/RAS). Austin: PRO-ED."},{"key":"50_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532799XSSR0503_2","volume":"5","author":"M Wolf","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wolf, M., & Katzir-Cohen, T. (2001). Reading fluency and its intervention. Scientific Studies of Reading, 5, 211\u2013238.","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"issue":"4","key":"50_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300408","volume":"33","author":"M Wolf","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wolf, M., Miller, L. T., & Donnelly, K. (2000). Retrieval, automaticity, vocabulary elaboration, orthography (RAVE-O): A comprehensive, fluency-based reading intervention program. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33(4), 375\u2013386.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"50_CR110","volume-title":"Woodcock reading mastery tests-revised\/NU. Examiner\u2019s manual","author":"RW Woodcock","year":"1998","unstructured":"Woodcock, R. W. (1998). Woodcock reading mastery tests-revised\/NU. Examiner\u2019s manual. Circle Pines: American Guidance Service."},{"key":"50_CR111","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson III","author":"RW Woodcock","year":"2001","unstructured":"Woodcock, R. W., McGrew, K. S., & Mather, N. (2001). Woodcock-Johnson III. Itasca: Riverside Publishing."},{"issue":"1","key":"50_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.1.3","volume":"131","author":"JC Ziegler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ziegler, J. C., & Goswami, U. (2005). Reading acquisition, developmental dyslexia, and skilled reading across languages: A psycholinguistic grain size theory. Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 3\u201329.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"}],"container-title":["Annals of Dyslexia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11881-010-0050-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11881-010-0050-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11881-010-0050-9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T09:47:30Z","timestamp":1592214450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11881-010-0050-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,7]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["50"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11881-010-0050-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-9387","1934-7243"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-9387","type":"print"},{"value":"1934-7243","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,7]]}}}