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We aimed to explore the use and development of simple GPCs (e.g. a \u2794 \/\u00e6\/) and context-sensitive GPCs (e.g. <jats:italic>[w]a<\/jats:italic> \u2794 \/\u0254\/, as in \u201cswan\u201d or <jats:italic>a[l][d<\/jats:italic>] \u2794 \/o:\/, as in \u201cbald\u201d) in pseudoword reading. Across three experiments, English- and German-speaking children in grades 2\u20134 read aloud pseudowords, where vowel graphemes had different pronunciations according to different contexts (e.g. \u201chact\u201d, \u201cwact\u201d, \u201chald\u201d). First, we found that children use context-sensitive GPCs from grade 2 onwards, even when they are not explicitly taught. Second, we used a mathematical optimisation procedure to assess whether children\u2019s vowel responses can be described by assuming that they rely on a mix of simple and context-sensitive GPCs. While the approach works well for German adults (Schmalz et al. in <jats:italic>Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 26<\/jats:italic>, 831\u2013852, 2014), we found poor model fits for both German- and English-speaking children. Additional analyses using an entropy measure and data from a third experiment showed that children\u2019s pseudoword reading responses are variable and likely affected by random noise. We found a decrease in entropy across grade and reading ability across all conditions in both languages. This suggests that GPC knowledge becomes increasingly refined across grades 2\u20134.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-019-00189-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,18]],"date-time":"2020-01-18T23:02:25Z","timestamp":1579388545000},"page":"180-199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Variations in the use of simple and context-sensitive grapheme-phoneme correspondences in English and German developing readers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3365-257X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xenia","family":"Schmalz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serje","family":"Robidoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Castles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Marinus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"189_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0096-1523.24.4.1052","volume":"24","author":"S Andrews","year":"1998","unstructured":"Andrews, S., & Scarratt, D. 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