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Therefore, early detection of those children who are at risk for slow reading development and\/or who belong to the lowest reading profiles is essential in order to organize proper support. The present study explores the heterogeneity and prevalence of latent reading profiles among 769 Finnish- and German-reading students during their first and second school years in three countries (Finland, Germany, and Italy) using latent profile analysis. The results identified three latent profiles among Finnish readers, one of which (sentence-level reading) was identified as developing slowly. Among German-reading students, four latent profiles were discovered, two of which were identified as developing slowly. The results of ordinal logistic regression modeling show that rapid automatic naming (RAN) was significantly related to poorer reading profiles among Finnish- and German-reading students, and that the poorer results in letter-sound connection testing among the German-reading group was also significantly related to poorer reading profiles. Although the educational systems have some differences between Germany and German-speaking areas of Italy, no significant country effect was detected. In addition, a child\u2019s age and spoken language did not significantly affect the student\u2019s reading profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-020-00196-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T04:02:45Z","timestamp":1586836965000},"page":"94-114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Latent profile analysis of students\u2019 reading development and the relation of cognitive variables to reading profiles"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Leena","family":"Holopainen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nhi","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arno","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Kofler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"196_CR1","first-page":"500","volume":"45","author":"JH Allor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Allor, J. 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