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The current research, however, revealed that certain conditions including mastocytosis, mast cell activation syndromes, and hereditary alpha tryptasemia can masquerade and overlap with its symptomatology. Also, newly identified galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose mammalian red meat allergy has recently been recognized as underlying cause of anaphylaxis in some cases that were previously considered as IA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>IA comprises a heterogenous group of conditions where, in some cases, inherently dysfunctional mast cells play a role in pathogenesis. The standard trigger avoidance strategies are ineffective, and episodes are unpredictable. Therefore, prompt recognition and treatment as well as prophylaxis are critical. The patients should always carry an epinephrine autoinjector.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-021-00988-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T04:54:36Z","timestamp":1612932876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Idiopathic Anaphylaxis: a Perplexing Diagnostic Challenge for Allergists"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1683-8882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theo","family":"Gulen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cem","family":"Akin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"988_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141025","volume":"23","author":"SJ Galli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Galli SJ, Kalesnikoff J, Grimbaldeston MA, Piliponsky AM, Williams CM, Tsai M. 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