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In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction and the olfactory alterations in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (type 2 inflammation) and post-viral acute rhinosinusitis (non-type 2 inflammation), highlighting the role of immune response attenuating olfactory neurogenesis as a possibly mechanism for the loss of smell in these diseases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Several studies have provided relevant insights into the role of basal stem cells as direct participants in the progression of chronic inflammation identifying a functional switch away from a neuro-regenerative phenotype to one contributing to immune defense, a process that induces a deficient replacement of olfactory neurons. The interaction between olfactory stem cells and immune system might critically underlie ongoing loss of smell in type 2 and non-type 2 inflammatory upper airway diseases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction and the olfactory alterations in type 2 and non-type 2 inflammatory upper airway diseases, highlighting the role of immune response attenuating olfactory neurogenesis, as a possibly mechanism for the lack of loss of smell recovery.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-024-01137-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T08:01:56Z","timestamp":1710576116000},"page":"211-219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Type 2 and Non-type 2 Inflammation in the Upper Airways: Cellular and Molecular Alterations in Olfactory Neuroepithelium Cell Populations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Concepci\u00f3","family":"Marin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isam","family":"Alobid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"L\u00f3pez-Chac\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilo R.","family":"VanStrahlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Mullol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1137_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.01.024","volume":"145","author":"J Mullol","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Mullol J, Mari\u00f1o-S\u00e1nchez F, Valls M, Alobid I, Marin C. 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