{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:10:36Z","timestamp":1758672636754,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NO. 81900016","NO. 82270027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 81900016","NO. 82270027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-025-01217-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T08:26:54Z","timestamp":1758616014000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["4-Week Maintenance ICS-Formoterol versus ICS in Adults Newly Diagnosed Mild Asthma: Effects on Symptoms, Lung Function, and Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zichong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuning","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengjian","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wuping","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5026-0099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1217_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02865-2021","author":"K Mortimer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mortimer K, Lesosky M, Garcia-Marcos L, et al. The burden of asthma, hay fever and eczema in adults in 17 countries: GAN phase I study. Eur Respir J. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02865-2021.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"10311","key":"1217_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01450-1","volume":"398","author":"MI Asher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Asher MI, Rutter CE, Bissell K, et al. Worldwide trends in the burden of asthma symptoms in school-aged children: Global Asthma Network phase I cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2021;398(10311):1569\u201380.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"1217_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01394.x","volume":"62","author":"D Dusser","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dusser D, Montani D, Chanez P, et al. Mild asthma: an expert review on epidemiology, clinical characteristics and treatment recommendations. Allergy. 2007;62(6):591\u2013604.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"10196","key":"1217_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31147-X","volume":"394","author":"K Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang K, Yang T, Xu J, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and management of asthma in China: a national cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2019;394(10196):407\u201318.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"1217_CR5","first-page":"880","volume":"46","author":"TS Chinese","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chinese TS. Expert consensus on the diagnosis, treatment and management of mild bronchial asthma in China (2023 edition). Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2023;46(9):880\u201396.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi"},{"issue":"6","key":"1217_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2016.1255750","volume":"54","author":"B Ding","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ding B, DiBonaventura M, Karlsson N, Ling X. A cross-sectional assessment of the prevalence and burden of mild asthma in urban China using the 2010, 2012, and 2013 China National Health and Wellness Surveys. J Asthma. 2017;54(6):632\u201343.","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"issue":"2","key":"1217_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.2.96-08040","volume":"157","author":"AM Vignola","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vignola AM, Chanez P, Campbell AM, et al. Airway inflammation in mild intermittent and in persistent asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157(2):403\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1217_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1081\/JAS-120018629","volume":"40","author":"D Spallarossa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Spallarossa D, Battistini E, Silvestri M, et al. Steroid-naive adolescents with mild intermittent allergic asthma have airway hyperresponsiveness and elevated exhaled nitric oxide levels. J Asthma. 2003;40(3):301\u201310.","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"issue":"11","key":"1217_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202304-0642ST","volume":"207","author":"A Mohan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohan A, Lugogo NL, Hanania NA, et al. Questions in mild asthma: an official American Thoracic Society research statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023;207(11):e77\u201396.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1217_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.04.024","volume":"152","author":"A Mulgirigama","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mulgirigama A, Barnes N, Fletcher M, Pedersen S, Pizzichini E, Tsiligianni I. A review of the burden and management of mild asthma in adults - implications for clinical practice. Respir Med. 2019;152:97\u2013104.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"1217_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00359-2019","author":"JM FitzGerald","year":"2020","unstructured":"FitzGerald JM, Barnes PJ, Chipps BE, et al. The burden of exacerbations in mild asthma: a systematic review. ERJ Open Res. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.00359-2019.","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1217_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2015.05.005","volume":"3","author":"K Matsunaga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matsunaga K, Hirano T, Oka A, et al. Progression of irreversible airflow limitation in asthma: Correlation with severe exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3(5):759\u201364.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"1217_CR13","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2024. Updated May 2024[EB\/OL]. https:\/\/ginasthma.org\/2024-report\/."},{"key":"1217_CR14","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, [2025\u201305\u201306]. http:\/\/www.ginasthma.org."},{"issue":"6","key":"1217_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.003","volume":"146","author":"Expert Panel Working Group of the National Heart L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Expert Panel Working Group of the National Heart L, Blood Institute a, coordinated National Asthma E, et al. Focused updates to the asthma management guidelines: A Report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(6):1217\u201370.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"22","key":"1217_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.21974","volume":"324","author":"MM Cloutier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cloutier MM, Dixon AE, Krishnan JA, Lemanske RF Jr, Pace W, Schatz M. Managing asthma in adolescents and adults: 2020 asthma guideline update from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. JAMA. 2020;324(22):2301\u201317.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"20","key":"1217_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1715274","volume":"378","author":"PM O\u2019Byrne","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Byrne PM, FitzGerald JM, Bateman ED, et al. Inhaled combined budesonide-formoterol as needed in mild asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(20):1865\u201376.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10202","key":"1217_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31948-8","volume":"394","author":"J Hardy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hardy J, Baggott C, Fingleton J, et al. Budesonide-formoterol reliever therapy versus maintenance budesonide plus terbutaline reliever therapy in adults with mild to moderate asthma (PRACTICAL): a 52-week, open-label, multicentre, superiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10202):919\u201328.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1217_CR19","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. 2019. Updated May 2019[EB\/OL]. https:\/\/ginasthma.org\/reports\/2019-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention\/. Accessed 2019-04-12"},{"issue":"20","key":"1217_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1715275","volume":"378","author":"ED Bateman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bateman ED, Reddel HK, O\u2019Byrne PM, et al. As-needed budesonide-formoterol versus maintenance budesonide in mild asthma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(20):1877\u201387.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"1217_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901963","volume":"380","author":"R Beasley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beasley R, Holliday M, Reddel HK, et al. Controlled trial of budesonide-formoterol as needed for mild asthma. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(21):2020\u201330.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1217_CR22","first-page":"013518","volume":"5","author":"ST Iain Crossingham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iain Crossingham ST, Ramakrishnan S, et al. Combination fixed-dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;5(5):013518.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1217_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2021-111764","volume":"27","author":"ST Iain Crossingham","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iain Crossingham ST, Ramakrishnan S, et al. Combination fixed-dose \u03b2 agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma: a Cochrane systematic review. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2022;27(3):178\u201384.","journal-title":"BMJ Evid Based Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1217_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2024.2314535","volume":"17","author":"L Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhou L, Zheng P, Mao Z, Liu H. Mild asthma is not mild: risk factors and predictive biomarkers for severe acute exacerbations and progression in mild asthma. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2023;17(12):1261\u201371.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1217_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30049-9","volume":"7","author":"DS Postma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Postma DS, Brightling C, Baldi S, et al. Exploring the relevance and extent of small airways dysfunction in asthma (ATLANTIS): baseline data from a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(5):402\u201316.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1217_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00536-1","volume":"10","author":"M Kraft","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kraft M, Richardson M, Hallmark B, et al. The role of small airway dysfunction in asthma control and exacerbations: a longitudinal, observational analysis using data from the ATLANTIS study. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(7):661\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1217_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.9120-11ST","volume":"184","author":"RA Dweik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dweik RA, Boggs PB, Erzurum SC, et al. An official ATS clinical practice guideline: interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(5):602\u201315.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1217_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","volume":"26","author":"MR Miller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(2):319\u201338.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1217_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01503","volume":"57","author":"A Miller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miller A, Enright PL. PFT interpretive strategies: American Thoracic Society\/ European Respiratory Society 2005 guideline gaps. Respir Care. 2012;57(1):127\u201333.","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"1217_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1590ST","volume":"200","author":"BL Graham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Graham BL, Steenbruggen I, Miller MR, et al. Standardization of spirometry 2019 update. An official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society technical statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200(8):e70\u201388.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1217_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.1.ats11-99","volume":"161","author":"RO Crapo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Crapo RO, Casaburi R, Coates AL, et al. Guidelines for methacholine and exercise challenge testing-1999 This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(1):309\u201329.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1217_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01526-2016","author":"AL Coates","year":"2017","unstructured":"Coates AL, Wanger J, Cockcroft DW, et al. ERS technical standard on bronchial challenge testing: general considerations and performance of methacholine challenge tests. Eur Respir J. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01526-2016.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1217_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.09.008","volume":"113","author":"RA Nathan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nathan RA, Sorkness CA, Kosinski M, et al. Development of the asthma control test: a survey for assessing asthma control. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(1):59\u201365.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1217_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2004.10.008","volume":"99","author":"EF Juniper","year":"2005","unstructured":"Juniper EF, Svensson K, Mork AC, Stahl E. Measurement properties and interpretation of three shortened versions of the asthma control questionnaire. Respir Med. 2005;99(5):553\u20138.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1217_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200801-060ST","volume":"180","author":"HK Reddel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reddel HK, Taylor DR, Bateman ED, et al. An official American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society statement: asthma control and exacerbations: standardizing endpoints for clinical asthma trials and clinical practice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(1):59\u201399.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1217_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30155-7","volume":"8","author":"D Xiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiao D, Chen Z, Wu S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of small airway dysfunction, and association with smoking, in China: findings from a national cross-sectional study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(11):1081\u201393.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1217_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.03.015","volume":"9","author":"H Hao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hao H, Bao W, Xue Y, et al. Spirometric Changes in Bronchodilation Tests as Predictors of Asthma Diagnosis and Treatment Response in Patients with FEV(1) >\/= 80% Predicted. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(8):3098\u2013108.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"1217_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00125404","volume":"27","author":"PJ Barnes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barnes PJ. Corticosteroid effects on cell signalling. Eur Respir J. 2006;27(2):413\u201326.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"1217_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.12.986","volume":"129","author":"RS Tepper","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tepper RS, Wise RS, Covar R, et al. Asthma outcomes: pulmonary physiology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129(3 Suppl):S65-87.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1217_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2021.09.011","volume":"128","author":"W Bao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bao W, Tian X, Hao H, et al. Is small airway dysfunction an abnormal phenomenon for patients with normal forced expiratory volume in 1 second and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2022;128(1):68\u201377.","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1217_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2017.09.025","volume":"46","author":"E Skylogianni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Skylogianni E, Triga M, Douros K, et al. Small-airway dysfunction precedes the development of asthma in children with allergic rhinitis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2018;46(4):313\u201321.","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1217_CR42","first-page":"1313","volume":"6","author":"W Bao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bao W, Zhang X, Lv C, et al. The value of fractional exhaled nitric oxide and forced mid-expiratory flow as predictive markers of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adults with chronic cough. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 2018;6(4):1313\u201320.","journal-title":"The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice"},{"key":"1217_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S295345","volume":"14","author":"W Bao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bao W, Zhang X, Yin J, et al. Small-airway function variables in spirometry, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and circulating eosinophils predicted airway hyperresponsiveness in patients with mild asthma. J Asthma Allergy. 2021;14:415\u201326.","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"issue":"2","key":"1217_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2022.11.010","volume":"130","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang X, Xu Z, Lin J, Xie G, Lv C, Zhang M. Sex differences of small airway function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in patients with mild asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2023;130(2):187\u201398.","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"}],"container-title":["Current Allergy and Asthma Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11882-025-01217-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11882-025-01217-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11882-025-01217-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T08:27:06Z","timestamp":1758616026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11882-025-01217-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1217"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11882-025-01217-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-7322","1534-6315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-7322","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-6315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study involved a retrospective analysis of data from two previously conducted prospective studies. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Shanghai General Hospital (Approval No. [2024KS200]). Given the retrospective nature of the analysis and the use of anonymized data, the requirement for informed consent was waived. All reported studies were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the principles outlined in the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}},{"value":"No generative AI or AI-assisted technologies were used in the writing or editing of this manuscript, except for standard tools for grammar and punctuation checking, which do not fall under the scope of this declaration.All figures and tables in this manuscript are original and have not been published previously. No permissions are required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted Technologies in the Writing Process"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"40"}}